Urban Expansion. Urban Expansion: a global phenomenon with local causes? Stephen Sheppard Williams College
|
|
- Margery Ball
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Urban Expansion: a global phenomenon with local causes? Stephen Sheppard Williams College Presentation for World Bank, April 30, 2007 Presentations and papers available at Urban Expansion Urban expansion taking place world wide Rich Evolving from transportation choices - car culture Failure of planning system? Poor Rural to urban migration Urban bias? Policy challenges Environmental impact from transportation Preservation of open space Pressure for housing and infrastructure provision Policy response Land use planning Public transport subsidies & private transport taxes Rural development Surprisingly few global studies of this global phenomenon Limited data availability 1
2 Analysis of urban expansion Some studies in developed economies Burchfield, et al. Earlier studies of urban sprawl More difficult and important situations in developing economies Limited ground based data Remotely sensed data are available Night illumination Landsat Higher resolution Collect and combine with other economic data Remote detection of economic outcomes Some differences are readily apparent Korea 1992 = blue 1998 = green 2003 = red Source: Chris Elvidge, NOAA 2
3 Remote detection of economic outcomes Data a global sample of cities Economic Decline can be detected Moldova Romania 1992 = blue 1998 = green 2003 = red Regions Population Size Class Income (annual per Class capita GNP) Source: Chris Elvidge, NOAA East Asia & the Pacific Europe 100,000 to 528, ,000 to 1,490,000 < $3,000 $3,000 - $5,200 Latin America & the Caribbean 1,490,000 and 4,180,000 $5,200 - $17,000 Northern Africa > 4,180,001 > $17,000 Other Developed Countries South & Central Asia Southeast Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Western Asia 3
4 Remote Sensing Measuring Urban Land Use 1986 The relative brightness in different portions of the spectrum identify different types of ground cover. Contrasting Approaches: 1. Open space within the urban area Development at the urban periphery Satellite (Landsat TM) data measure for pixels that are 28.5 meters on each side reflectance in different frequency bands % Reflectance Agricultural Soil Wavelength Bare Soil (micrometers) Aged Concrete Fresh Concrete Water Grass Dry Vegetation Sand Asphalt 3. Fragmented nature of development 4. Roadways in rural areas 2000 EarthSat Geocover Our Analysis 4
5 Accra Cairo 5
6 Cairo, detail Mexico City 6
7 Mumbai Urban density Mexico City 7
8 Land use density Mexico City Urban density - Cairo 8
9 Land use density - Cairo Hypotheses Urban economic theory implies several hypotheses that can be examined in the data Hypothesis x > 0 L x > 0 y x < 0 t x < 0 r A x > 0 w Description An increase in population will increase urban extent and urban expansion. An increase in household income will increase urban extent and urban expansion. An increase in transportation costs will reduce urban extent and limit urban expansion. An increase in the opportunity cost of non-urban land will reduce urban extent and limit urban expansion. An increase in the global demand (and hence world price) of the export good will increase urban extent and urban expansion. 9
10 Model estimation Basic model variables Data assembled from several sources Remotely sensed data National Censuses of Population WDI and other Economic Data Field research Estimates of the relation between total urban land use and economic variables Cross Section versus Difference Each city observed twice Sample of 120 cities Endogeneity Population, income, global connections and perhaps other variables are endogenously determined in part by urban land availability Requires an Instrumental Variables estimation strategy Variable Urban Land Use (km 2 ) Total Population Per Capita GDP (PPP 1995 $) Air Linkages Agricultural Rent ($/Hectare) Cost of fuel ($/liter) Rank Mean ,361,615 9, , σ ,452,486 9, , Min , Max ,200,000 35, ,
11 OLS estimates Population Income Air linkages City Rank Agri Rent Fuel Cost East Asia Europe Latin America North Africa South Asia Southeast Asia SubSah Africa West Asia Constant F R-squared Parameter t Parameter t Instrumental Variables Estimates Parameter t Parameter Population Income Air linkages City Rank Agricultural Rent Fuel Cost Constant F R-squared t
12 Hypotheses Tested/Supported The data produce estimates that are consistent with our hypotheses Hypothesis x > 0 L x > 0 y x < 0 t x < 0 r A x > 0 w Description Strongly confirmed doubling population increases urban land cover by 44 to 77 percent. Strongly Confirmed doubling national income increases urban land use by 46 to 52 percent Confirmed doubling fuel cost decreases urban land use by 8 to 15 percent Strongly confirmed doubling the value added per hectare in agriculture decreases urban land use by 17 to 23 percent Confirmed increased accessibility to global markets increases urban land use increasing the number of direct international flights increases urban land use by 6 to 16 percent, impact is clearly significant in IV estimates City rank is not statistically significant Policy Implications Use models to determine excess urban land use Use models to predicted required new urban land per year Using history between T1 and T2 is a guide, we can determine the required amount of land to make available for new urban development City Accra Cairo Mexico City Mumbai Addis Ababa Seoul Predicted Actual Average Pct Excess 24.81% 26.98% 12.19% -8.84% -4.92% 10.93% Pop Growth T2 T Inc Growth T2 T Annual New Urban KM
13 Concluding observations Models work Theoretical Empirical Size (rank) might matter, but not as much as expected and perhaps not at all Plans should be made for urban expansion and infrastructure provision With global data we are developing a deeper understanding of the urban expansion that affects virtually every local area 13
Infill and the microstructure of urban expansion
Infill and the microstructure of urban expansion Stephen Sheppard Williams College Homer Hoyt Advanced Studies Institute January 12, 2007 Presentations and papers available at http://www.williams.edu/economics/urbangrowth/homepage.htm
More informationToday s Chunks of Learning:
Geography 11-1-2018 Today s Chunks of Learning: Chunk 1 Patterns of Globalization in Central and South America (continued). Chunk 2 Physical Geography of Sub-Saharan Africa. Chunk 1: These countries have
More information2/25/2019. Taking the northern and southern hemispheres together, on average the world s population lives 24 degrees from the equator.
Where is the world s population? Roughly 88 percent of the world s population lives in the Northern Hemisphere, with about half north of 27 degrees north Taking the northern and southern hemispheres together,
More informationUrban Growth Analysis: Calculating Metrics to Quantify Urban Sprawl
Urban Growth Analysis: Calculating Metrics to Quantify Urban Sprawl Jason Parent jason.parent@uconn.edu Academic Assistant GIS Analyst Daniel Civco Professor of Geomatics Center for Land Use Education
More informationAFRICAN URBANIZATION: SOME KEY ISSUES. Patricia Jones University of Oxford IGC Conference, Dar es Salaam 25 th February 2015
AFRICAN URBANIZATION: SOME KEY ISSUES Patricia Jones University of Oxford IGC Conference, Dar es Salaam 25 th February 2015 Introduction New project on urbanization in Africa. World Bank funded but independent
More informationCulture Shocks and Consequences:
Culture Shocks and Consequences: the connection between the arts and urban economic growth Stephen Sheppard Williams College Arts, New Growth Theory, and Economic Development Symposium The Brookings Institution,
More informationLecture 9: Location Effects, Economic Geography and Regional Policy
Lecture 9: Location Effects, Economic Geography and Regional Policy G. Di Bartolomeo Index, EU-25 = 100 < 30 30-50 50-75 75-100 100-125 >= 125 Canarias (E) Guadeloupe Martinique RÈunion (F) (F) (F) Guyane
More informationSubject: Note on spatial issues in Urban South Africa From: Alain Bertaud Date: Oct 7, A. Spatial issues
Page 1 of 6 Subject: Note on spatial issues in Urban South Africa From: Alain Bertaud Date: Oct 7, 2009 A. Spatial issues 1. Spatial issues and the South African economy Spatial concentration of economic
More informationSpatial profile of three South African cities
Spatial Outcomes Workshop South African Reserve Bank Conference Centre Pretoria September 29-30, 2009 Spatial profile of three South African cities by Alain Bertaud September 29 Email: duatreb@msn.com
More informationAP Human Geography Free-response Questions
AP Human Geography Free-response Questions 2000-2010 2000-preliminary test 1. A student concludes from maps of world languages and religions that Western Europe has greater cultural diversity than the
More informationUrbanization and spatial policies. June 2006 Kyung-Hwan Kim
Urbanization and spatial policies June 2006 Kyung-Hwan Kim stamitzkim@gmail.com 1 Urbanization Urbanization as a process of development Stages of urbanization Trends of world urbanization Dominance of
More informationPoverty, Inequality and Growth: Empirical Issues
Poverty, Inequality and Growth: Empirical Issues Start with a SWF V (x 1,x 2,...,x N ). Axiomatic approaches are commen, and axioms often include 1. V is non-decreasing 2. V is symmetric (anonymous) 3.
More informationReshaping Economic Geography
Reshaping Economic Geography Three Special Places Tokyo the biggest city in the world 35 million out of 120 million Japanese, packed into 4 percent of Japan s land area USA the most mobile country More
More informationThe Spatial Structure of Cities: International Examples of the Interaction of Government, Topography and Markets
Module 2: Spatial Analysis and Urban Land Planning The Spatial Structure of Cities: International Examples of the Interaction of Government, Topography and Markets Alain Bertaud Urbanist Summary What are
More informationLEARNING OUTCOMES SST (G1-G12)
LEARNING OUTCOMES SST (G1-G12) Grade 1 Learning Outcomes Students will be expected to: - demonstrate an understanding of the importance of interactions between people - demonstrate an understanding of
More informationPrentice Hall. World Explorer: People, Places, Cultures Grade 7. Oklahoma Priority Academic Student Skills (PASS) for Grade 7 World Geography
Prentice Hall World Explorer: People, Places, Cultures 2007 Grade 7 C O R R E L A T E D T O for Grade 7 1. Locate, gather, analyze, and apply information from primary and secondary sources. WORLD GEOGRAPHY
More informationSubunit 4.1: 2.5 hours. Subunit 4.2: 2.75 hours. Subunit 4.3: 1.5 hours. Subunit 4.4: 3.5 hours. Subunit 4.5: 1.5 hours Unit 4 Learning Outcomes close
Unit 4: North America The realm of North America extends from the polar regions of the Arctic in northern Canada and Alaska, all the way south through Mexico and the countries of Central America. Geographers
More informationWorld Bank Group GEF Program
World Bank Group GEF Program Global Environment Facility: -Transport World Bank GEF Coordination Team Content How does GEF work? World Bank s role in the GEF partnership The GEF transport activities What
More informationJohns Hopkins University Fall APPLIED ECONOMICS Regional Economics
Johns Hopkins University Fall 2017 Applied Economics Sally Kwak APPLIED ECONOMICS 440.666 Regional Economics In this course, we will develop a coherent framework of theories and models in the field of
More informationMotorization in Asia: 14 countries and three metropolitan areas. Metin Senbil COE Researcher COE Seminar
Motorization in Asia: 14 countries and three metropolitan areas Metin Senbil COE Researcher COE Seminar - 2006.10.20 1 Outline Background Motorization in Asia: 14 countries Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Jabotabek
More informationAdvanced Placement Human Geography
Advanced Placement Human Geography I. Overview of the Course The purpose of the Advanced Placement (AP) Human Geography course is to introduce students to the systematic study of patterns and processes
More informationMeasuring Disaster Risk for Urban areas in Asia-Pacific
Measuring Disaster Risk for Urban areas in Asia-Pacific Acknowledgement: Trevor Clifford, Intl Consultant 1 SDG 11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable 11.1: By
More informationCities in Bad Shape: Urban Geometry in India
Cities in Bad Shape: Urban Geometry in India Mariaflavia Harari MIT IGC Cities Research Group Conference 21 May 2015 Introduction Why Study City Shape A wide range of factors determine intra-urban commuting
More informationPopulation Density and Growth. Distribution of people on Earth
Population Density and Growth Distribution of people on Earth Population Density! Terminology!! Population density is a measure of how compact or concentrated a population is. It takes area of land into
More informationWhy has globalisation brought such large increases in exports to some countries and not to others?
by Stephen Redding and Anthony Venables Why has globalisation brought such large increases in exports to some countries and not to others? Stephen Redding and Anthony Venables look at the way internal
More informationSpatial Disparities and Development Policy in the Philippines
Spatial Disparities and Development Policy in the Philippines Arsenio M. Balisacan University of the Philipppines Diliman & SEARCA Email: arsenio.balisacan@up.edu.ph World Development Report 2009 (Reshaping
More informationSpatial Dimensions of Growth and Urbanization: Facts, Theories and Polices for Development
Spatial Dimensions of Growth and Urbanization: Facts, Theories and Polices for Development Sukkoo Kim Washington University in St. Louis and NBER March 2007 Growth and Spatial Inequality Does growth cause
More informationGDP growth and inflation forecasting performance of Asian Development Outlook
and inflation forecasting performance of Asian Development Outlook Asian Development Outlook (ADO) has been the flagship publication of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) since 1989. Issued twice a year
More information9/19/2018. Dr. Hoch. RGPL 103 Global Cities: Planning and Development.
Dr. Hoch RGPL 103 Global Cities: Planning and Development Dr. Hoch Email: rhoch@iup.edu 1 2 Earth s Orbit Around Sun Aphelion July 6 (12:00) Perihelion Jan 3 (00:00) EARTH 152.5 Million Km 147.5 Mil. Km
More informationSeaport Status, Access, and Regional Development in Indonesia
Seaport Status, Access, and Regional Development in Indonesia Muhammad Halley Yudhistira Yusuf Sofiyandi Institute for Economic and Social Research (LPEM), Faculty of Economics and Business, University
More informationEuropean spatial policy and regionalised approaches
Findings of the ESPON 2006 Programme COMMIN Final Conference 26-27 April 2007 European spatial policy and regionalised approaches by Dr. Kai BöhmeB ! Territory matters Structure of presentation! Territorial
More informationWest meets East: Monitoring and modeling urbanization in China Land Cover-Land Use Change Program Science Team Meeting April 3, 2012
West meets East: Monitoring and modeling urbanization in China Land Cover-Land Use Change Program Science Team Meeting April 3, 2012 Annemarie Schneider Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment,
More informationSummary Article: Poverty from Encyclopedia of Geography
Topic Page: Poverty Definition: poverty from Dictionary of Energy Social Issues. the fact of being poor; the absence of wealth. A term with a wide range of interpretations depending on which markers of
More informationPOLESTAR: A NEXUS SCENARIO FRAMEWORK
POLESTAR: A NEXUS SCENARIO FRAMEWORK Sustainable Development Fiction or Possibility? By Dr. Richard A. Rosen Tellus Institute - Boston Bonn 2 May 214 Four Global Scenarios Tellus Institute 1 Overview Scenario
More informationGEOGRAPHY (GE) Courses of Instruction
GEOGRAPHY (GE) GE 102. (3) World Regional Geography. The geographic method of inquiry is used to examine, describe, explain, and analyze the human and physical environments of the major regions of the
More information2. What characteristics of population are important to demography? 3. Describe what overpopulation looks like at a local or regional level.
Ch. 2: Population Name: Introduction & Case Study (p. 44-47) 1. Why is the study of population so critical? 2. What characteristics of population are important to demography? 3. Describe what overpopulation
More informationGCE. Geography. Mark Scheme for January Advanced Subsidiary GCE Unit F762: Managing Change in Human Environments
GCE Geography Advanced Subsidiary GCE Unit F762: Managing Change in Human Environments Mark Scheme for January 2012 Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA) is a leading UK
More informationPeoples, Places and Cultures in Africa, Asia and the Southwest Pacific
GRADE 7 Peoples, Places and Cultures in Africa, Asia and the Southwest Pacific Course 0470-07 Students in seventh grade explore the history, geography, government, economic systems, current issues, and
More informationAP Human Geography Free Response Questions Categorized
AP Human Geography Free Response Questions Categorized 2002-2010 2. Population (13-17%) 3. Over the past 150 years, Europe has changed from a source to a destination region for international migration.
More informationTopic 4: Changing cities
Topic 4: Changing cities Overview of urban patterns and processes 4.1 Urbanisation is a global process a. Contrasting trends in urbanisation over the last 50 years in different parts of the world (developed,
More informationDeveloping a global, peoplebased definition of cities and settlements
Developing a global, peoplebased definition of cities and settlements By Lewis Dijkstra, Lewis.Dijkstra@ec.europa.eu Head of the Economic Analysis Sector DG for Regional and Urban Policy, Regional & Urban
More informationSixty years later, is Kuznets still right? Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
Quest Journals Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science Volume 3 ~ Issue 6 (2015) pp:37-41 ISSN(Online) : 2321-9467 www.questjournals.org Research Paper Sixty years later, is Kuznets still
More informationStudy scope. 13 MENA countries: Morocco, Algeria,
Rich Place, Poor Place How MENA will overcome spatial disparities Publication due April 2010 Study scope 13 MENA countries: Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, i Libya, Egypt, West Bank and Gaza, Jordan, Syria,
More informationThe study of Geography and the use of geographic tools help us view the world in new ways.
S How does Geography help us understand our world? What factors shape the Earth s different environments? 7.1.9 7.2.9 BIG IDEAS COMPETENCIES Text pages or The study of Geography and the use of geographic
More informationCotton Economics Research Institute CERI Outlook Report
2006 Global Cotton Outlook Cotton Economics Research Institute CERI Outlook Report 06-02 www.ceri.ttu.edu/policy CERI (Policy Modeling Group) Samarendu Mohanty, Associate Professor Suwen Pan, Research
More informationStephen Sheppard 4 Department of Economics Williams College Williamstown, MA INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
THE URBAN GROWTH MANAGEMENT INITIATIVE: CONFRONTING THE EXPECTED DOUBLING OF THE SIZE OF CITIES IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN THE NEXT THIRTY YEARS METHODS AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS Daniel L. Civco 1 and
More informationNational Spatial Development Perspective (NSDP) Policy Coordination and Advisory Service
National Spatial Development Perspective (NSDP) Policy Coordination and Advisory Service 1 BACKGROUND The advances made in the First Decade by far supersede the weaknesses. Yet, if all indicators were
More informationCoimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission
M. 24 Coimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission LEAVING CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION 2004 GEOGRAPHY HIGHER LEVEL MONDAY, 14 JUNE, AFTERNOON 1.30 TO 4.50 Four questions to be answered, namely
More informationUrbanisation & Economic Geography (2)
GEOG1101: Introduction to Economic Geography Tuesday 20 October, 2009 Urbanisation & Economic Geography (2) Kevon Rhiney Department of Geography and Geology University of the West Indies, Mona Lecture
More informationCurriculum Unit. Instructional Unit #1
Curriculum Unit Name of Course: AP Human Geography Grade Level(s): 9-12 Brief Description (Course Catalog): The purpose of the AP Human Geography course is to introduce students to the systematic study
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Exam Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) One important feature of the world's population with the most significant future implications
More informationLow Density Areas : Places of Opportunity. Enrique Garcilazo, OECD Directorate for Public Governance and Territorial Development
Low Density Areas : Places of Opportunity Enrique Garcilazo, OECD Directorate for Public Governance and Territorial Development Open Days, Brussels, 11 th October, 2016 Outline 1. Performance low density
More informationTOWARDS STRATEGIC SPATIAL PLANNING IN JAMAICA: THE NATIONAL SPATIAL PLAN
TOWARDS STRATEGIC SPATIAL PLANNING IN JAMAICA: THE NATIONAL SPATIAL PLAN JIEP 5th Biennial Conference on the Environment: Balancing National Development and Environmental Protection June 6, 2011 Jamaica
More informationTHE BRAZILIAN HOUSING PROGRAM - MINHA CASA MINHA VIDA - EFFECT ON URBAN SPRAWL
THE BRAZILIAN HOUSING PROGRAM - MINHA CASA MINHA VIDA - EFFECT ON URBAN SPRAWL Ciro Biderman Frederido Roman Ramos Martha Hanae Hiromoto EAESP/FGV March 20, 2018 The MCMV Program Main Characteristics From
More informationDiscerning sprawl factors of Shiraz city and how to make it livable
Discerning sprawl factors of Shiraz city and how to make it livable 1. Introduction: Iran territory has now been directly affected by urban land-uses which are shaping landscapes in cities and around them.
More informationWord Cards. 2 map. 1 geographic representation. a description or portrayal of the Earth or parts of the Earth. a visual representation of an area
Name: Date: Hour: Word Cards 1 geographic representation a description or portrayal of the Earth or parts of the Earth Example: A map is a representation of an actual location or place. 2 map a visual
More informationAP Human Geography. Course Outline Geography: Its Nature and Perspectives: Weeks 1-4
AP Human Geography The Course The AP Human Geography course is designed to provide secondary students with the equivalent of one semester of a college introductory human geography class. The purpose of
More informationModeling the economic growth of Arctic regions in Russia
Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements XVII 179 Modeling the economic growth of Arctic regions in Russia N. Didenko 1 & K. Kunze 2 1 St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia 2 University
More informationLeveraging Urban Mobility Strategies to Improve Accessibility and Productivity of Cities
Leveraging Urban Mobility Strategies to Improve Accessibility and Productivity of Cities Aiga Stokenberga World Bank GPSC African Regional Workshop May 15, 2018 Roadmap 1. Africa s urbanization and its
More informationUrbanization and Economic Development: A Bias toward Large Cities? 1
Ž. JOURNAL OF URBAN ECONOMICS 40, 13 37 1996 ARTICLE NO. 0021 Urbanization and Economic Development: A Bias toward Large Cities? 1 RONALD L. MOOMAW Oklahoma State Uni ersity, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078
More informationApplications of GIS and Remote Sensing for Analysis of Urban Heat Island
Chuanxin Zhu Professor Peter V. August Professor Yeqiao Wang NRS 509 December 15, 2016 Applications of GIS and Remote Sensing for Analysis of Urban Heat Island Since the last century, the global mean surface
More informationSecondary Towns, Population and Welfare in Mexico
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Secondary Towns, Population and Welfare in Mexico Isidro Soloaga Department of Economics, Universidad Iberoamericana,
More informationTourism in Peripheral Areas - A Case of Three Turkish Towns
Turgut Var Department of Recreation, Park and Tourism Sciences Ozlem Unal Urban planner Derya Guven Akleman Department of Statistics Tourism in Peripheral Areas - A Case of Three Turkish Towns The objective
More informationUrban Expansion of the City Kolkata since last 25 years using Remote Sensing
[ VOLUME 5 I ISSUE 2 I APRIL JUNE 2018] E ISSN 2348 1269, PRINT ISSN 2349-5138 Urban Expansion of the City Kolkata since last 25 years using Remote Sensing Soumita Banerjee Researcher, Faculty Council
More informationAP Human Geography. Additional materials, including case studies, videos, and aerial photos, will be used to supplement primary course materials.
Course Introduction AP Human Geography is a yearlong college-level course designed to prepare students for the Advanced Placement (AP) Human Geography Exam. The course focuses on the study of human populations
More informationGEORGIA CITIES IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA METHODOLOGY. Public Disclosure Authorized. Public Disclosure Authorized. Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized CITIES IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA GEORGIA METHODOLOGY This Country Snapshot was produced
More informationAP Human Geography AP EXAM Free Response Questions and Possible Future Questions
AP Human Geography AP EXAM Free Response Questions and Possible Future Questions FRQ Exam Questions: Population & Migration 2003- European Migration and Demographic Transition Model 2004- Population Pyramids
More informationAAG CENTER FOR GLOBAL GEOGRAPHY EDUCATION Internationalizing the Teaching and Learning of Geography
Using the CGGE Materials in Advanced Placement Human Geography Classes About the CGGE: The AAG Center for Global Geography Education (CGGE) is a collection of online modules for undergraduate courses in
More informationM14/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q GEOGRAPHY STANDARD LEVEL PAPER 2. Monday 19 May 2014 (morning) 1 hour 20 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
M14/3/GEOGR/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/Q 22145203 GEOGRAPHY STANDARD LEVEL PAPER 2 Monday 19 May 2014 (morning) 1 hour 20 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do
More informationPRIMA. Planning for Retailing in Metropolitan Areas
PRIMA Planning for Retailing in Metropolitan Areas Metropolitan Dimension to sustainable retailing futures Metropolitan strategies Retailing in city and town centres will be a primary component of any
More informationThoughts toward autonomous land development. Introduction
Thoughts toward autonomous land development Spatial Transformation of Regular grid Irrigation Frameworks Bangkok and Cairo A Work in Progress Information based on student workshop June 2009 and earlier
More informationUnderstanding and Measuring Urban Expansion
VOLUME 1: AREAS AND DENSITIES 21 CHAPTER 3 Understanding and Measuring Urban Expansion THE CLASSIFICATION OF SATELLITE IMAGERY The maps of the urban extent of cities in the global sample were created using
More informationSecondary Towns and Poverty Reduction: Refocusing the Urbanization Agenda
Secondary Towns and Poverty Reduction: Refocusing the Urbanization Agenda Luc Christiaensen and Ravi Kanbur World Bank Cornell Conference Washington, DC 18 19May, 2016 losure Authorized Public Disclosure
More informationREVIEWER S APPENDIX for: Why Isn t the Doha Development Agenda More Poverty Friendly? *
Revised, March 21, 2008 REVIEWER S APPENDIX for: Why Isn t the Doha Development Agenda More Poverty Friendly? * by Thomas W. Hertel** and Roman Keeney Purdue University, Maros Ivanic, GOIC, Doha and L.
More informationNote on Transportation and Urban Spatial Structure
Note on Transportation and Urban Spatial Structure 1 By Alain Bertaud, Washington, ABCDE conference, April 2002 Email: duatreb@msn.com Web site: http://alain-bertaud.com/ http://alainbertaud.com/ The physical
More informationPopulation Trends Along the Coastal United States:
Coastal Trends Report Series Population Trends Along the Coastal United States: 1980-2008 U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Ocean Service Assessing the
More informationLecture 2 Differences and Commonalities among Developing Countries
Lecture 2 Differences and Commonalities among Developing Countries Lecture Outline I-Defining the developing world: Indicators of development A-GDP per capita: nominal, real, PPP B-Human Development Index
More informationSharing the wealth across the urban hierarchy in Sub-Saharan African countries: Resource rents and politics
Sharing the wealth across the urban hierarchy in Sub-Saharan African countries: Resource rents and politics July 12, 2015 Vernon Henderson (LSE), Adam Storeygard (Tufts) and Jamila Nigmatulina (LSE) Motivation:
More informationc. What is the most distinctive above ground result of high land costs and intensive land use? i. Describe the vertical geography of a skyscraper?
AP Human Geography Unit 7b Guided Reading: Urban Patterns and Social Issues Mr. Stepek Key Issue #1: Why Do Services Cluster Downtown? (Rubenstein p 404 410) 1. What is the CBD? What does it contain and
More informationUNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL EXAMINATION: NOVEMBER 2012 Westville Campus : AGRICULTURE, EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU-NATAL EXAMINATION: NOVEMBER 2012 Westville Campus SCHOOL LEVEL MODULE CODE : AGRICULTURE, EARTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES : II : GEOGRAPHIES OF URBAN AND RURAL CHANGE : GEOG 220
More informationENVIRONMENTALLY ORIENTED PLANNING FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
40 TOPIC 7 ENVIRONMENTALLY ORIENTED PLANNING FOR HUMAN SETTLEMENTS Scope The process of rapid population growth and urbanization taking place in practically all the less developed countries will have an
More informationAlleghany County Schools Curriculum Guide GRADE/COURSE: World Geography
GRADE/COURSE: World 2013-14 GRADING PERIOD: 1 st Six Weeks Time Frame Unit/SOLs SOL # Strand Resource Assessment 8 days* The student will use maps, globes, satellite images, photographs, or diagrams to
More information22 cities with at least 10 million people See map for cities with red dots
22 cities with at least 10 million people See map for cities with red dots Seven of these are in LDC s, more in future Fastest growing, high natural increase rates, loss of farming jobs and resulting migration
More informationUrban Geography Unit Test (Version B)
Urban Geography Unit Test (Version B) 1. What function do the majority of the world s ten most populated cities serve? a. a fortress city to resist foreign invasion b. a port city for transporting people
More informationStudy Guide Unit 6 Economics and Development
Name Period Study Guide Unit 6 Economics and Development When you are asked to sketch maps, please put a key so that you can remember what the colors mean! Chapter 9: Development How does the author introduce
More informationSimulating Mobility in Cities: A System Dynamics Approach to Explore Feedback Structures in Transportation Modelling
Simulating Mobility in Cities: A System Dynamics Approach to Explore Feedback Structures in Transportation Modelling Dipl.-Ing. Alexander Moser [amoser@student.tugraz.at] IVT Tagung 2013 - Kloster Kappel
More informationASEAN Bilateral Seafood Trade Duration Analysis. Ping Wang, Norbert Wilson, Nhuong Tran, Danh Dao, Chin Yee Chan
ASEAN Bilateral Seafood Trade Duration Analysis Ping Wang, Norbert Wilson, Nhuong Tran, Danh Dao, Chin Yee Chan Selected Paper prepared for presentation at the International Agricultural Trade Research
More informationLecture 19: Common property resources
Lecture 19: Common property resources Economics 336 Economics 336 (Toronto) Lecture 19: Common property resources 1 / 19 Introduction Common property resource: A resource for which no agent has full property
More informationMigration and Urban Decay
Migration and Urban Decay Asian Experiences Shekhar Mukherji RAWAT PUBLICATIONS Jaipur New Delhi Bangalore Mumbai Contents Preface List of Tables List of Figures ix xv xix Introduction 1 Very Crucial Urban
More informationUrban Economics SOSE 2009
Urban Economics SOSE 2009 Urban Economics SOSE 2009 The course will be part of VWL-B (together with the course: Unternehmen in einer globalisierten Umwelt) There will be a 90-minute final exam Urban Economics
More informationThe more, the merrier? Urbanization and regional GDP growth in Europe over the 20th century
The more, the merrier? Urbanization and regional GDP growth in Europe over the 20th century Kerstin Enflo * Anna Missiaia Joan Rosés Abstract Preliminary draft prepared for the Economic History Society
More informationUKRAINE CITIES IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA METHODOLOGY. Public Disclosure Authorized. Public Disclosure Authorized. Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized CITIES IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA UKRAINE METHODOLOGY This Country Snapshot was produced
More informationDonatas Burneika, Ruta Ubareviciene (Institute of geology and geography, Vilnius)
The economic crisis and development of Vilnius urban region spatial aspects Donatas Burneika, Ruta Ubareviciene (Institute of geology and geography, Vilnius) Main aim The aim of the presentation is to
More informationThis image cannot currently be displayed. Course Catalog. World Geography Glynlyon, Inc.
This image cannot currently be displayed. Course Catalog World Geography 2016 Glynlyon, Inc. Table of Contents COURSE OVERVIEW... 1 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY... 1 UNIT 2: HUMAN GEOGRAPHY... 1 UNIT
More informationELEMENTS OF BASIC WORLD GEOGRAPHY TABLE OF CONTENTS UNIT 1 THE BASICS OF GEOGRAPHY AND NORTH AMERICA
TABLE OF CONTENTS UNIT 1 THE BASICS OF GEOGRAPHY AND NORTH AMERICA IMPORTANT WORDS TO KNOW... 1 CHAPTER 1 THE BASICS OF GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY... 2 TOOLS OF GEOGRAPHY... 3 EARTH...4 SEASONS, CLIMATE, AND
More informationA Response to Rodrik s Geography Critique Incomplete and subject to revision as of March 6, 2001 The idea of using instrumental variables from the
A Response to Rodrik s Geography Critique Incomplete and subject to revision as of March 6, 2001 The idea of using instrumental variables from the gravity model to isolate the effect of openness on growth
More informationSome Procedures for Estimating Goods and Service Trade Between Regions Using the Trade Reports from IMPLAN
Ag Econ Series 00-3 July 2000 Ag Econ Paper Series Some Procedures for Estimating Goods and Service Trade Between Regions Using the Trade Reports from IMPLAN David Holland and Frank Pirnique DEPARTMENT
More information23TGEO 220 COURSE OUTLINE. Prerequisites: None. Course Description:
Lecture 23TGEO 220 23TWorld Regional Geography Revised: Fall 2015 COURSE OUTLINE Prerequisites: None Course Description: Studies physical and cultural characteristics of selected geographical regions of
More informationBasic cloud Interpretation using Satellite Imagery
Basic cloud Interpretation using Satellite Imagery Introduction Recall that images from weather satellites are actually measurements of energy from specified bands within the Electromagnetic (EM) spectrum.
More informationThe Governance of Land Use
The planning system The Governance of Land Use United Kingdom Levels of government and their responsibilities The United Kingdom is a unitary state with three devolved governments in Northern Ireland,
More information