accessibility accessibility by-pass bid-rent curve bridging point administrative centre How easy or difficult a place is to reach.

Transcription

1 accessibility accessibility How easy or difficult a place is to reach. How easy or difficult it is to enter a building. administrative centre bid-rent curve The function of a town which is a centre for local government. A graph showing the relationship between land use and the rent for urban developments in relation to a fixed point (usually the centre of a city). bridging point by-pass A crossing point on a river. Lowest bridging point is the last place a river can be crossed before the sea. A road designed to reduce the volume of the traffic in a town, by re-routing traffic. 1

2 by-pass capital Paris Great Glen by-pass A road designed to reduce the volume of the traffic in a town, by re-routing traffic. The most important city of a country, where the centre of government is located. capital London capital Berlin The most important city of a country, where the centre of government is located. The most important city of a country, where the centre of government is located. capital Rome capital Washington DC The most important city of a country, where the centre of government is located. The most important city of a country, where the centre of government is located. 2

3 central business district central place theory The main commercial centre of a city. A theory describing how central places interact with surrounding settlements. city communication A settlement which is larger than a town. The movement of information, people and goods. For this reason, settlements sometimes develop at crossroads. community commuting A group of people living together. Travelling a substantial distance to and from work each day. 3

4 commuting commuting patterns Travelling a substantial distance to and from work each day. The travel routes of the workforce shown in diagram form. concentric zone model 1 Central business district (CBD) 2 Zone of transition 3 4 Zone of independent workers homes Zone of better residence 5 Commuters zone A model which describes the way land is used in big cities in MEDCs. The further out from the centre, the newer the buildings. congestion charge The charging of motorists to enter into zones of a city. It reduces traffic and CO 2 emissions. conurbation country A very large urban area formed by the expansion and merging of previously separate settlements. San Francisco Bay A politically independent land controlled by government. 4

5 country country A politically independent land controlled by government. A politically independent land controlled by government. country county A politically independent land controlled by government. An area of the country which has its own local government. (Known as a 'region' in Scotland). defensive site derelict A raised site which is easy to defend. It is sometimes protected by a natural feature such as a river meander. Disused, or in a state of disrepair. 5

6 dispersed dormitary town Describes a settlement where the buildings are spread about. A settlement for commuters (e.g. Skipton) who work in a large city (e.g. Leeds). The dormitary towns offer more affordable housing and non-city lifestyles. dormitary village dry point settlement Village Village Village A village or housing development on the edge of a big city for people who work in the city, but who like to live in the countryside, or who cannot afford city house prices. A settlement which developed on a raised site because it was not liable to the flooding which occurred around it, e.g. Hackney in London. dwelling fertile lowlands Typically a small farm or single house. Between 1-10 inhabitants. These areas attract settlement as they are good for farming. 6

7 function function A main economic activity of a settlement, e.g. port. A main economic activity of a settlement, e.g. holiday resort. gap town A town between two hills. Trade is important and the high ground is easily defended. gentrification The Sage in Gateshead The change of character and appearance of an area due to the influx of high income groups. greenbelt greenbelt An area around a city where no new development can take place. It is designed to stop urban sprawl. An area around a city where no new development can take place. It is designed to stop urban sprawl. 7

8 greenfield site hamlet An undeveloped rural site. A settlement smaller than a village. Typically several houses ( inhabitants) and perhaps a small store or pub. hinterland housing estate France Britain The area influenced by, and surrounding a settlement. A development of modern houses. Hoyt sector model 1 Central business district 2 3 infrastructure 2 3 Wholesale & light manufacturing Low-class residential Middle-class residential 5 High-class residential A model which describes the way land is used in big cities in MEDCs. Industrial development takes place along major transport links. A country's system of support, e.g. communications. 8

9 infrastructure infrastructure A country's system of support, e.g. water services. A country's system of support, e.g. power. infrastructure infrastructure A country's system of support, e.g. transport. A country's system of support, e.g. transport. industry inner city The function of a town in which manufacturing is the main employer. An older, often run down part of a city, usually densely populated. 9

10 inner-urban motorway isolated dwelling A motor way running through the centre of a town taking traffic away from the city centre. The smallest possible settlement consisting of a single farm or house that is not part of a larger settlement. Usually between 1-10 inhabitants. land reclamation land use Extending the land out into the sea in order to make more space. The way land is used, e.g. factories, housing. leisure linear Activities done for enjoyment and relaxation. A settlement built in a line often following a road. 10

11 manufacturing market area Making things in factories. The trading area of a settlement. millionaire city A city with more than a million inhabitants multiple nuclei model Central business district Wholesale, light manufacturing Low-class residential Middle-class residential High-class residential Heavy manufacturing Outlying business district Residential suburb Industrial suburb 3 6 Land use depends on a number of separate activity centres, e.g. entertainment, industry, residential new towns nucleated Milton Keynes Settlements planned from scratch to reduce housing and employment problems of major conurbations. Describes a settlement in which the buildings are grouped together in a cluster. 11

12 planning policy pollution A set of guidelines and procedures that planners have to adopt for development or redevelopment. It can produce settlement change. Damage to the environment, e.g. contaminated water supply. pollution pollution Damage to the environment, e.g. poor air quality. Damage to the environment, e.g. contaminated water supply. port regeneration London Docklands An important centre for international trade, where goods enter and leave a country. The modernisation of land that has become derelict or disused. 12

13 resident resort A person who lives in an area. A holiday centre. retail retail outlet The main function of a settlement which has a large shopping centre. A group of shops. Many outlets today are in out of town centres. road charging rural area 6 th June2005 Pay as you go motoring The Government is thinking of charging motorists for driving on some of Britain s roads. Prices would start at 2p a mile in rural areas and drivers could pay up to 1.34 a mile on motorways at peak periods. The toll is aimed at cutting road congestion, and motorists would be monitored by a satellite tracking system. A scheme to charge motorists for distance driven. It may replace road tax and petrol duty. An area out of the town, in the countryside. 13

14 rural decline rural decline The fall in population in rural areas resulting in decline and loss of amenities. The fall in population in rural areas resulting in decline and loss of amenities. rural-urban fringe sanitation The area where the city meets the countryside. This area is good for leisure activities, because it is easy to get to and there is more space available than in the city centre. Methods for drainage and disposal of human waste. settlement settlement hierarchy A group of buildings where people live. The ranking of settlements according to the size of their population. 14

15 settlement hierarchy settlement pattern The ranking of settlements according to the size of their population. How the buildings in a settlement are arranged. shanty towns site Settlements that develop spontaneously in urban areas in LEDCs. They often have very poor standards of building and sanitation, e.g. Calcutta, Sao Paulo. The physical area of a settlement or building. situation social change The Sage in Gateshead 5 miles north of Leicester The position of a settlement or building relative to its surroundings. Changes in living standards, lifestyles or local migration. This may lead to settlement change such as docks becoming cultural centres. 15

16 social conditions social conditions The standard of living and quality of life in an area. The standard of living and quality of life in an area. social conditions sphere of influence Newcastle College Commuters Newcastle Hospital The standard of living and quality of life in an area. Department Stores A zone around a central place which is culturally, economically and politically influenced by the place. suburbs suburbs Residential areas found on the outskirts of towns and cities. Residential areas found on the outskirts of towns and cities. 16

17 superstore superstore A very large shop which may sell almost anything. A very large shop which may sell almost anything. town traffic management A settlement bigger than a village with many services, main line railway station and a market. Population 1,000 50,000. The way towns and cities manage increased road use to reduce the impact of congestion. traffic management traffic management The way towns and cities manage increased road use to reduce the impact of congestion. Trams The way towns and cities manage increased road use to reduce the impact of congestion. One way 17

18 traffic management traffic management Pedestrianised street The way towns and cities manage increased road use to reduce the impact of congestion. The way towns and cities manage increased road use to reduce the impact of congestion. Cycle path urban urban area To do with built up areas, towns or cities. A built up area, town or inner city. urban decay urban field An area in a city where people and businesses move out leaving buildings open to dereliction and vandalism. The sphere of influence around a central place such as a football club in a town or city. 18

19 urban renewal urban renewal Riverside Development in Norwich A scheme aimed at regenerating inner city areas by attracting industry and new housing. A derelict part in a city, cleared and redeveloped, restoring the areas prosperity. urban sprawl urbanisation Sichuan in China The spreading of city boundaries into the countryside. The growth of towns and cities and the increase in the number of people living there. village wet point settlement Pittsburgh USA A settlement larger than a hamlet, but smaller than a town. Has houses, church, pub, shop/post office. Population 100 to 1,000. A settlement which developed near a spring or river due to the constant availability of water. 19

20 zone of transition An area of decline, just outside the CBD, with derelict or vacant properties, specialist or low status shops. 20