S7 Trial Revision Guidance for Oundle Scholars Summer 2016

Transcription

1 S7 Trial Revision Guidance for Oundle Scholars Summer 2016 Your Geography Trial Examination in the summer (in week 7, immediately following the summer half term holiday) will be a typical Oundle Scholarship Examination and will last for one hour and 30 minutes. It is important that you have a sound factual knowledge and good understanding of the fundamentals of geography this is why your new CGP KS3 Revision Guide is invaluable. Your essentials revision sheets (electronic copies available in the academic area of the school s web site) are also excellent in covering the fundamentals of each topic. Of course, you will have already studied topics and developed skills beyond what is expected at KS3 level during the course of this academic year. Your paper will be split into three parts:- Section A Map Skills You have a short section in your CGP Revision Guide on Ordnance Survey Maps (pages ) but you may find the revision notes below more helpful. Be aware that the map skills section of the Oundle paper may incorporate other aspects of geography, hence the additional notes on settlement and urbanisation ( we will be looking at these two topics in the next academic year).

2 For the map skills section of your paper, you need to be able to do the following:- Use four and six figure grid references to identify features on the map. Identify compass directions (16 point) Identify simple relief features on a map e.g. a slope, a hill, a valley, a river etc. Work out the straight line distance between two points as well as being able to measure the distance along a winding road, river, railway etc. (use the straight edge of a piece of paper for the latter). Work out the range of height between two points on the map using contour lines and/or spot heights. Describe the land use of a part of the map can be a whole host of things including coniferous/non-coniferous woods, ind est indicating industrial estate, housing, roads/railways, quarry, hotel, caravan and camping etc. Identify reasons for the location of settlements along a flat part of a valley, near a river for water, near woods for fuel (early settlement factors),

3 near roads/railway lines/ports (settlement growth!), nodal points (particularly for Market Towns), away from flooding from a large river. Identify reasons for the location of land use such as industrial estates, airports, sea ports, retail parks, business parks etc. flat land for space and expansion, near urban area for source of labour, not too near an urban area as to cause too much disruption, near transport routes for bringing supplies/raw materials in and transporting finished products to other towns/cities, away from potential flooding of large rivers etc. Sch (School) employs teachers so is a Tertiary Activity Industrial Estate (sometimes abbreviated Ind Est) Hospital is a tertiary activity Mus (Museum) is a tertiary activity and indicates a tourist function Identify different types of economic activity on a map e.g. Primary (farm, Quarry, Coalmine, fishing port ), Secondary (Ind est which is an abbreviation for Industrial Estate, Sewage Works, Wks which is an abbreviation for any type of manufacturing activity, Mill) and Tertiary (Shopping Centre, Leisure Centre, Museum, Information Centre, Train Station etc.). Little Hyde Farm a Primary activity Sewage works a secondary activity.

4 Describe the course of a river on a map from the source (where land is higher, indicated by tighter contour lines), through the middle stage (where land becomes gentler indicated by wider contour lines) to the final mature stage (where the land is virtually flat indicated by very wide spacing in contour lines on a map). Please note that you may be asked to describe the changing shape of the channel as well as the changing shape of the valley (look at recent work done in your exercise book). This river is running WSW Glue is height of land is generally higher in the west/lower in east. Also, the river starts to meander eastwards. Identify which way a river is flowing on a map look at spot heights/contour heights along the course of the river; the river will always flow from the higher points towards the lower points. Identify general symbols (please note that the Ipswich map extract may or may not contain a key! It has for the last two papers.)

5 Describe a route along a road, rail track or between two points this will involve you being able to identify natural features on the map (such as hills, valleys, meanders etc) and man-made features such as roads, pubs etc. You will need to use compass points e.g. turn east rather than left/right! As well as the usual questions testing your understanding of grid references, height on maps, distances, scale and bearings (N,S,E and W), you may also be asked questions related to settlement and urbanisation. Below you will find some helpful notes. Also, read through relevant pages in your Revision Guide.

6 Settlement site and situation Settlement characteristics The piece of land upon which a settlement is built is the settlement site. Each settlement has attractive site features e.g. flat land to build and expand, near to a river for easy access to drinking water and transport for early settlers etc. (see exercise book and handout on Site and Situation). There are many reasons why a site might be chosen for the development of a settlement and some factors will be more important than others. How many features can you spot in the map of Southampton below?

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9 Some common site factors include: Wet point sites - these have a good water supply. Many settlements grew around wet point sites, eg villages in the South Downs. Dry point sites - these are away from the risk of flooding, eg Ely in Cambridgeshire. Defensive sites - often found on higher ground so that in the past enemies could be seen from a distance, e.g. Corfe Castle, Dorset, or in the loop of a meander, e.g. Durham. Aspect - settlements are often found on the sunny side of a deep valley. This is common in settlements in the Alps. Shelter - from cold prevailing winds and rain. Gap towns - Lincoln is found in a gap between two areas of higher ground. Resources - important for industry, eg villages such as Aberfan in the Welsh valleys is close to coal reserves. Bridging point - settlements with 'ford' in their name often grew around a fording point or bridging point, eg Watford is found on the River Colne. Trading centres - often settlements grow where natural route ways and rivers meet, which helps the development of roads, railways and canals. The importance of many of these functions diminish as technological advances enable people to overcome difficulties. The situation of a settlement is its position in relation to the surrounding human and physical features, many of which will have an impact on the settlement's type, size and function. With modern settlements, remember that decisions about location and situation have been made by planners, but that their priorities may differ from those that determined the location of a historical settlement like Southampton. For example, a modern settlement does not need to be close to a river because drinking water is now piped to our homes and waterways are no longer important for transport.

10 Settlement functions Most large settlements in MEDCs are multifunctional and perform a range of functions such as retail, education and industry. When settlements first started to grow, most had only one distinct function, and others developed as the settlement grew. Examples of functions Port - the original function of cities such as Liverpool and Southampton. Both are still ports, but this function has diminished in importance and they are now multifunctional. Market town - Watford was originally a market town, and although it still holds a regular market, it is now a thriving multifunctional centre. Resort - Southport was a popular Victorian seaside resort, although it now has many functions and is a commuter settlement for Liverpool. Natural resources in the area enabled Sheffield to develop as an important centre in the iron and steel industry. Although steel is still produced, its prominence has declined and Sheffield is a thriving multifunctional city. Settlement hierarchies If we group and classify a number of settlements according to their size and shape, the result is settlement hierarchy. Pyramid showing relationship between population and services As you move up the hierarchy, the size of the settlement and the distance between similar sized settlements increases. As you can see from the diagram above, there are more cities than conurbations, more towns than cities and more villages than towns. The number of services that a settlement provides increases with settlement size.

11 Small settlements will only provide low-order services such as a post offices, doctors and newsagents. Large towns, cities and conurbations will provide low and high-order services such as leisure centres, chain stores and hospitals. Larger settlements and conurbations have a much larger sphere of influence than smaller ones. This means they attract people from a wider area because of the facilities they offer. Cities such as London have a global sphere of influence, whereas a small hamlet or village may only have a sphere of influence of a couple of kilometres. Services such as department stores selling high order goods have a higher threshold than those selling low order goods such as newsagents. This means they need a higher number of people to support them and make them profitable, therefore they will only be found in larger settlements. It also means that there are fewer big department stores than small newsagents. The range of a service or product is the maximum distance people are prepared to travel to purchase it. The range of a newspaper is much lower than an item of furniture for example. Settlement patterns nucleated, linear and dispersed. Urbanisation - means an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas compared to rural areas. An urban area is a built-up area such as a town or city. A rural area is an area of countryside. As a country industrialises, the number of people living in urban areas tends to increase. The UK and many other MEDCs urbanised during the 18th and 19th centuries. People migrated from rural areas (due to the mechanisation in farming) to urban areas where there was employment in the new factories. The area of cities known as the inner city developed during this time as rows of terraced housing were built for workers. Today the UK is a mostly urban society, with 90 per cent of the population living in towns or cities. On a global scale, urbanisation is taking place rapidly, particularly in LEDCs. Although the UK is an urban society, more and more people are choosing to live on the edge of urban areas - with many relocating to the countryside. This is called counter-urbanisation.

12 Inner City - you need to explain why inner city areas in MEDC countries such as Britain are often areas of decline? This is known as the spiral of decline. The inner city has been improved in Britain through Government assistance and private company investment. Brownfield sites A derelict industrial pottery site, due to be redeveloped Brownfield sites are often on disused or derelict land. There are more available in the North and Midlands (but most housing demand is in the south east). These sites are valuable as existing buildings can be split up into more homes on any one site. The site has already been developed so reduces urban sprawl. These are unsightly areas for building developments, so improves the urban environment. Brownfield sites are found in urban areas, so building housing there reduces demand on car use. This land is more expensive to build on as often the land needs to be cleared first (especially if land is contaminated from previous industrial use. Greenfield sites A residential housing development at Priors Park, Tewkesbury, Gloucester. Greenfield sites which have not previously been built on. This includes the greenbelt land around cities. The land is cheaper to build on. However, developing these areas are not favoured by environmentalists, as it encourages urban sprawl and will mean that countryside is built on. Also, building on Greenfield sites encourages commuting and traffic congestion as people travel into urban areas from the countryside

13 Section B Data Response Question There will be questions on the following topics:- Plate Tectonics Weather and Climate The questions in this section will be based on a graph, picture, table or a combination of some or all three. You will still be required to know facts and understand concepts covered by the topics. You choose ONE question from this section! Section C Essay Questions Again, you only choose ONE essay from a minimum of six in this section. The essays are usually one or two sentences in length. For both the data response question (Section B) and the essay question (Section C) you need to revise the units of work we have been studying from the beginning of Year 6. The information below is meant as a guide to the topics you need to revise for both sections. You will need to revise from both your Revision Guide and Exercise Books. Relevant page numbers from the Revision Guide follow most of the topics listed below. Be aware that your Exercise Book may be better for some topics. Of course the essentials sheets and the geography web sites listed on the school s web site will also help. RG = Revision Guide EB = Exercise Book

14 Plate Tectonics (i.e. Earthquakes and Volcanoes) How the three main types of Rocks Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic are formed (RG pages 27 and 28). The structure of the earth and what moves the Tectonic Plates i.e. Convection Currents in the Mantle (Yr 6 EB). The four different types of Plate Boundaries you need to know how to draw the Destructive Boundary in particular (Yr 6 EB and RG page 16 note that the RG only covers three). The causes of earthquakes and Volcanoes (RG pages and EB). Advantages and Disadvantages of Earthquakes and Volcanoes (RG pages and your A4 Case Study sheets Mount St Helens and the Asian Tsunami). The global distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes. Make sure you know where the Pacific Ring of Fire and Mid-Atlantic Ridge are located! (RG page 17 your EB is better for this). Volcanoes Extinct, Dormant or Active; Composite and Shield Volcanoes (RG page 19). An example both of an earthquake and a volcano to show the nature, causes, environmental and human effects and human responses - one example from an MEDC (Mount St Helens in the USA) and one from an LEDC (The Asian Tsunami of 2004 yes the Tsunami was caused by an earthquake). Information on both are found in your exercise books and on the A4 case study sheets. The reasons for the different impacts of Earthquakes and Volcanoes throughout the world (RG pages 22 and 23). Man s responses to Earthquakes and Volcanoes both in LEDCs - the Developing World - and MEDCs - the Developed World (RG pages and EB).

15 Weather and Climate The difference between weather and climate (EB). The Hydrological Cycle (RG pages 45 and 46). The five different elements of the weather Temperature, Air Pressure, Wind, Precipitation and Clouds (RG page 41). How these elements of the weather are measured (RG page 41). Microclimates how Colour of Surface, Aspect, Shade, Vegetation and Buildings affect the climates of local areas such as school grounds(rg page 40 and EB). You need to review the work you completed on the Microclimate of Holmwood House (Google Slides presentation). Causes of temperature and rainfall variation from place to place in the British Isles these include Latitude, Altitude, Prevailing Wind and Distance from the sea to include the impact of the North Atlantic Drift (RG page 38 and EB). The three different rainfall types Convectional, Relief and Frontal (RG page 42). Air Masses affecting the British Isles (EB). Low and High air pressure systems (RG page 43 and EB). Weather Fronts (EB). It is important for you to adopt an effective way to revise which suits you. Given my experience to date, I find that those students using a card system tend to fare better in examinations. This is where the student writes key points/draws diagrams from their notes/textbook onto a small card (size of a postcard) and revises these. It is impossible to revise everything so you have to be smart identify the key points! For the case studies, I have done this for you but you can still break down the information further. A final note Examinations are important and people get nervous over them. The best way to approach examinations is to be well prepared. Your responses to questions will be more effective if you are relaxed and confident in your preparation.