Guidance for GEOGRAPHY End of Year Examination 2016

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1 Guidance for GEOGRAPHY End of Year Examination 2016 The End of Year Examination takes place in Week 4 of the Summer Term. The Geography Examination will last 50 minutes. The Examination will include questions on most of the topics you have covered in geography during this academic year. You will have some lesson time in Week 3 to revise, but you may want to take your exercise book home to do some extra revision. The questions in the examination will be based on the unit Earthquakes and Volcanoes. Here is a breakdown of what you have to revise for the examination:- Earthquakes and Volcanoes The work you have done in Year 6 has focused mainly on this unit. You will have only started work on Earthquakes by the time your examination takes place in Week 4 so your questions in the examination will focus on Plate Tectonics and Volcanoes only! You will need to know the following:- The structure of the Earth Inner Core, Outer Core, Mantle and Crust (You will have a diagram to label in the examination).

2 Rocks and their characteristics Metamorphic, Sedimentary and Igneous rocks. The names and locations of the major tectonic plates that make up the Earth s crust North American, South American, Pacific, Nazca, Antarctic, Indo-Australian, Eurasian and African plates.

3 Four different plate boundaries and what happens at these boundaries Constructive, Destructive, Conservative and Collision Boundaries. CONSTRUCTIVE BOUNDARY COLLISION BOUNDARY CONSERVATIVE BOUNDARY DESTRUCTIVE BOUNDARY How to draw and annotate a typical Destructive Boundary you will have a blank box in the examination in which to do this. As the oceanic crust descends under the continental crust, earthquakes occur these can trigger tsunamis. Newly molten Oceanic crust melts in mantle and travels up cracks in the continental crust this creates volcanoes.

4 The internal structure of a volcano Crater, Cone, Secondary (Parasitic) Cone, Magma Chamber, Vent (Conduit), Secondary Vent (Dike) - you will have a diagram in the examination which you will have to label. What comes out of a volcano Ash, Lava, Pyroclastic Flows, Lahars and Volcanic Bombs. Ash finely pulverised lava thrown out of a volcano Lava - molten rock flowing on the surface. Until it reaches the surface it is still called magma. Pyroclastic Flow - A hot, dense mixture of ash, pumice, rock fragments, and gas that is formed during an explosive volcanic eruption and flows downhill at great speed. Volcanic Bombs - A small lump of magma that is thrown up into the air during an explosive volcanic eruption as molten rock and then cools into a solid fragment before it reaches the ground. Lahar - Catastrophic mudflow on the flank of a volcano. It is a notable feature of the volcanic areas of Indonesia, especially Java. Lahars are the cause of most volcanic fatalities.

5 The destructive impacts of volcanic eruptions. The benefits of living near volcanoes. Positive and negative effects of an eruption Positive The dramatic scenery created by volcanic eruptions attracts tourists. This brings income to an area. The lava and ash deposited during an eruption breaks down to provide valuable nutrients for the soil. This creates very fertile soil which is good for agriculture The high level of heat and activity inside the Earth, close to a volcano, can provide opportunities for generating geothermal energy. Negative Many lives can be lost as a result of a volcanic eruption. If the ash and mud from a volcanic eruption mix with rain water or melting snow, fast moving mudflows are created. These flows are called lahars. Lava flows and lahars can destroy settlements and clear areas of woodland or agriculture. Human and natural landscapes can be destroyed and changed forever. The two main types of volcanoes Shield and Composite. You need to know in what way these volcano types are different.

6 Mount St. Helens the cause of the eruption in 1980 and the resulting impacts (What happened to the environment and people?). Case study: Mount St Helens 1980 (MEDC) Map showing location of Mount St Helens Mount St Helens is on the plate boundary between the Juan de Fuca plate and North American plate. This is a Destructive plate boundary where the oceanic plate descends under the continental plate; newly molten lava travels up through faults in the continental plate creating volcanoes. Much of the Rockies is composed of these volcano types. When Mount St. Helens erupted it permanently changed the surrounding landscape. Effects of the eruption Primary effects Nuée ardente (hot ash and gas) destroyed forests and logging camps. 63 people were killed, mainly by poisonous gases. Lahars (mudflows of ash and water) covered an extensive area surrounding the volcano. Secondary effects Ash blocked rivers destroying popular fishing sites and causing flooding. This in turn destroyed crops and livestock. Flooding destroyed communications such as road and railway bridges. Sediment carried downstream ruined barge transport on the Columbia River. Short-term responses and results Communications such as roads and bridges were repaired. People were re-housed. Long-term responses and results Soil fertility improved due to the ash deposits. The volcano is now more carefully monitored. Tourism has increased, boosting the local economy. That s it! Revise the topics highlighted above do not revise anything in your exercise book which is not listed and...