INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR HETEROJUNCTIONS

Transcription

1 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR HETEROJUNCTIONS Donghang Yan Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Haibo Wang Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Baoxun Du Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd

2 Foreword Preface About the Authors ix xi xiii 1 Organic Heterostructure in Electronic Devices Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Ambipolar Organic Field-Effect Transistors Organic Photovoltaic Cells Parameters in Thin-Film Transistors 5 References 6 2 Weak Epitaxy Growth of Organic Semiconductor Thin Film Fabrication of Organic Ultrathin Film by Vacuum Deposition Organic Thin Film of Molecular Beam Epitaxy Organic Thin Film of Vapor Deposition Oriented Organic Molecular Thin Film Organic Molecular Thin Film of Vapor Deposition Controlled by Kinetics and Thermodynamics Vapor-Deposited Thin Film of Rod-Like and Banana-Shaped Organic Molecules Vapor-Deposited Thin Film of Pentacene Vapor-Deposited Thin Film of a-hexathiophene Vapor-Deposited Thin Film of Banana-Shaped Organic Molecule Vapor-Deposited Thin Film of Para-Sexiphenyl Heteroepitaxy of Disk-Like Organic Molecule on Para-Sexiphenyl Ultrathin Film by Vapor Deposition 40 2.J.7 p-6p and Planar Metal Phthalocyanines p-6p and Nonplanar Metal Phthalocyanine Heteroepitaxy Growth of Perylene Diimide Derivatives on p-6p Evolution of Film Growth 2,5-Bis (4-Biphenylyl) Bithiophene (BP2T) Growth Behavior ofbp2t Thin Films Heteroepitaxy Growth ofznpc on BP2T Thin Films Heteroepitaxy Between Disk-Like Molecules Stability of H 2 Pc Film Fabricated by WEG 75

3 VI WEG of H 2 Pc Film by Kinetic Control Heteroepitaxy Growth off 16 CuPc on H 2 Pc Thin Film Perspectives J Nucleation Process of Organic Ultrathin Film Contacted and Oriented Process of the Nucleus on the Substrate Liquid-Crystal-Like Behavior and Flexible Boundary of Organic Ultrathin Film Extent of Liquid-Crystal-Like Behavior of Organic Ultrathin Film Weak Epitaxy Growth of Organic Ultrathin Film 83 References 84 Interfacial Electronic Structure in Organic Semiconductor Heterojunctions Ambipolar Organic Transistors and Organic Heterostructures CuPc/F 16 CuPc Heterojunction Effect Normally On Operation Mode of CuPc/F 16CuPc Heterojunction Transistors Experiment of Planar Heterojunction Diode Carrier Accumulation at CuPc/FjgCuPc Heterojunction Interface CuPc/F 16 CuPc Heterojunction Diodes with Reverse Rectifying Characteristics Charge Accumulation Thickness in CuPc/F I6 CuPc Heterojunction Films Direct Measurement of CuPc/F 16 CuPc Interfacial Electronic Structure by UPS Difference in UPS Measurement Results Anderson Rule and Ideal Interfacial Electronic Structure of CuPc/F i6 CuPc Heterojunction Anderson Affinity Rule Ideal Interfacial Electronic Structure for the CuPc/F 16 CuPc Heterojunction Organic and Inorganic Semiconductor Heterojunction Comparison of the Organic Accumulation Heterojunction and Inorganic p-n Homojunction Categories of Semiconductor Heterojunctions BP2TYF, 6 CuPc Heterojunction Heterojunction Effect of BP2T/F 16 CuPc Energy Band Diagram of BP2T/FjgCuPc Heterojunction BP2T/F](jCuPc Heterojunction Diodes ZnPc/C 60 Heterojunction ZnPc/C 60 Heterojunction Transistors Energy Band Profile of ZnPc and C<jo Heterojunction ZnPc and Сgo Heterojunction Diode n-n Isotype Organic Heterojunction Interfacial Electronic Structure Observed by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy Normally On Heterojunction Transistors 116

4 vu F l6 CuPc/SnCl 2 Pc Heterojunction Diode p-p Isotype Organic Heterojunction Ambipolar Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors and CMOS Diode Interfacial Electronic Structure of Ph3/VOPc Heterojunction Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors with Various Thicknesses Perspectives Characterization of Electronic Structure of Organic Semiconductors Measurement and Theoretic Prediction of Fundamental Parameters of Organic Semiconductors Application of Organic Semiconductors Choice and Optimization of the System of Organic Semiconductor Heterojunction Formation Process of Organic Semiconductor Heterojunction 122 References 122 Charge Transport in Organic Heterojunctions Conductance of CuPc/Fi 6 CuPc Heterojunction Films Single-Crystal-Like CuPc/Fj 6 CuPc Heterojunctions and Their Electronic Properties Hall Effect in CuPc/F l6 CuPc Heterojunction Films Temperature Dependence of Conductance of CuPc/F I6 CuPc WEG Films Charge Transport Model in CuPc/F /6 CuPc WEG Films Organic Heterojunction Effect in WEG Films Charge Transport in BP2T/F 6 CuPc Bipolar Heterojunction Transistors BP2 T/F J6 CuPc Heterojunction MOS Diode Simulating Bipolar Transport Using Two Single-Layer Transistors Model of Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors Perspectives Organic Single-Crystal Devices Hetero-Epitaxy Growth of Molecules on Organic Single-Crystal Poly crystalline Films and Devices Taking Delocalized Carriers Simplex Materials with Bipolar Transport Characteristics 152 References 152 Organic Heterojunction Applications in Electronic Devices Organic Heterojunction Film as a Device Active Layer Organic Field Effect Transistor Organic Solar Cells Improvement in Contact of Organic Devices Highly Conductive Material to Improve Transistor Contact Highly Conductive Heterojunction to Improve Contact in Transistor Improvement in Contact of Organic Solar Cell Heterojunction Film as Connecting Unit in Tandem Devices 178

5 Vlll Tandem Organic Light-Emitting Diode Tandem Organic Photovoltaic Cell VOPc Thin Film Transistor Suitable for Flat Panel Display Static Behavior of VOPc TFTs Transient Behavior of VOPc TFTs Electrical Properties in VOPc MIS Diodes Static and Transient Behavior of VOPc TFTs with Organic Heterojunction Buffer Layer Stability of VOPc TFTs OTFT Active Matrix Display OTFT-LCD OTFT-OLED Perspectives Organic Quantum Well Crystal Emission Organic Photovoltaic Cell Organic Sensor Organic Thin Film Transistor 204 References 205 Organic Heterojunction Semiconductors P3HT:C 60 Blending System High Efficiency Organic Solar Cell Characteristics of the P3HT/C 60 Heterojunction Accumulation-Type Heterojunction Photovoltaic Cells Heterojunction Effect Affects Conductivity Character Doping Effect Affects Conductivity Character Ambipolar Transport in Heterotype Interpenetrating Network Heterostructure Solution-Processed Ambipolar Bulk Heterojunction Transistors Vacuum Vapor Deposition Ambipolar Bulk Heterojunction Transistors Organic Isotype Heterojunction Blends CuPc and CoPc Sandwich Transistors CuPc and CoPc Blends CuPc and NiPс Blends Tib 6.4 Organic Semiconductor Superlattice Development Course of Organic Superlattice and Organic Quantum Well Disk-Like Molecule Phthalocyanine Organic Superlattice Perspectives Interpenetrating Networks of Multicomponent System Organic Quantum Well and Organic Superlattice Doping Effect 241 References 241 Index 243