Unit 6. Physical Science Earth and Space Science

Transcription

1 Unit 6 Physical Science Earth and Space Science

2 5/6/15 Entry Task Which EM waves do you think astronomers study using telescopes? Hint: read page 714 in your text book. HOMEWORK Read pages answer #3-8 on page 717. Read pages answer #1-10 on page 731. due Monday 5/11/15

3 Today s Agenda Watch Origins: Back to the Beginning to start learning about the history and evolution of the universe. KNA Answer the questions provided.

4 5/6/15 Exit Task How is Penzias and Wilson s discovery connected to the Big Bang theory?

5 5/7/15 Entry task What is the big bang theory? Watch a simulation HOMEWORK Read pages answer #3-8 on page 717. Read pages answer #1-10 on page 731. due Monday 5/11/15

6 Today s Agenda Review movie questions Notes on the history of the universe.

7 Studying The Universe One light year is equal to the distance that light travels through space in one year. ( kilometers) The distances between stars are 10,000x greater than distances between planets. The distances between galaxies are 1,000,000x greater than between stars. Speed of light m / s or mile per second e/astronomers-measure-distance-tofarthest-galaxy-yet.html?_r=0

8 Light is a time machine Light from other galaxies and stars takes time to reach Earth. The farther away the object, the older the light AND further back in time astronomers are seeing.

9 Telescopes use electromagnetic waves Telescopes collect EM waves with a lens or mirror and bring it to a focal point. 1.A radio telescope receives radio waves from space. 2.Infrared telescopes are often placed on satellites that orbit above Earth. 3.X-ray telescopes detect high-energy radiation (Xrays) from space.

10 These images of the Crab Nebula were taken with different telescopes. Try this cool interactive!

11 28.2 Galaxies A galaxy is a huge group of stars, dust, and gas, held together by gravitational forces. The sun and 200 billion other stars, belong to the Milky Way Galaxy.

12 A black hole at the center of the Milky Way? A black hole is an object with such strong gravity that its escape velocity equals or exceeds the speed of light. Recent studies suggested that a black hole, with a mass of more than a million Suns, exists at the very center of our galaxy. The evidence comes from the orbital velocities of stars and gas at the center. Black holes are predicted by Einstein s theory of relativity.

13 28.3 Doppler Shift Doppler shift also occurs with electromagnetic waves. Light waves are compressed if the object is moving towards us = BLUESHIFT. Light waves are stretched if the object is moving away = REDSHIFT

14 The expanding universe The faster the source of light is moving away, the greater the redshift. The universe is expanding in all directions. fast-universe.html Edwin Hubble discovered that the farther away a galaxy was, the faster it was moving away from Earth.

15 The Big Bang Theory So, if the universe is expanding, it must have been smaller in the past than it is today. Astronomers theorize the universe exploded outward from an area as small as an atomic nucleus. The Big Bang theory says the universe began as a huge explosion billion years ago.

16 28.3 Evidence for the Big Bang theory In the 1960s, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson were trying to measure electromagnetic waves given off by the Milky Way. The noise these scientists found was the cosmic microwave background radiation predicted by the Big Bang theory.

17 More Evidence for Big Bang The proportion of hydrogen to helium is consistent with the physics of the Big Bang. If the universe were significantly older, there would be more heavy elements present.

18 History of the Universe tory-universe.html niv-nf.html

19 5/7/15 Exit Task Describe one piece of evidence for Big Bang Theory. REMINDER HOMEWORK Read pages answer #3-8 on page 717. Read pages answer #1-10 on page 731. due Monday 5/11/15

20 5/8/15 Entry Task Say Something Nice REMINDER HOMEWORK Read pages answer #3-8 on page 717. Read pages answer #1-10 on page 731. due Monday 5/11/15

21 Today s Agenda Review movie questions Notes on the history of the universe.

22 5/8/15 Exit Task Trade and Grade

23 5/11/15 Entry Task Explain how we know that the universe is expanding. Trade and Grade HOMEWORK

24 Today s Agenda If you are curious to see astronomical images in different wavelengths Try this cool interactive! Finish Universe Notes Start Jigsaw Timeline Project.

25 JIGSAW each group will learn and 1. Big Bang then teach a different section PBS Timeline of the UNIVERSE 2. Universe Shaped 3. Basic Elements 4. Radiation Era 5. Matter Domination Era 6. Stars and Galaxies Form 7. Birth of the Sun 8. Future? Last 6 pics in link ova/origins/univ-nf.html NASA WMAP s UNIVERSE 1. Big Bang Theory-> theory 2. Big Bang Theory-> concepts 3. Big Bang Tests -> Elements 4. Big Bang Tests -> Cosmic Microwaves 5. Big Bang Tests-> Expansion 6. Beyond Big Bang -> Structures 7. Related Topics -> First Objects 8. Most recent evidence

26 To do Go to computer and read your group s section of the timeline. PBS Timeline of the UNIVERSE Make a timeline in your COMP BOOK. Summarize your part of the timeline in YOUR COMP BOOK. Send one team mate to pick up your article. In partners, annotate and underline key ideas using the transparencies. TRANSFER these annotations to PAPER NOTES in COMP BOOK. Come together as a team and decide how and what you will teach about your topic. PRESENTATIONS Monday 3 to 4 minutes.

27 5/11/15 Exit Task Summarize your group s topic.

28 5/12/15 Entry Task If the big bang was started with an explosion sending matter outwards, how did stars/galaxies form?

29 5/12/15 ANSWERS If the big bang was started with an explosion sending matter outwards, how did stars/galaxies form? After the big bang, first H and He and then gravity pulled together the first stars Gravity amplifies slight irregularities in the density of the primordial gas. Even as the universe continues to expand rapidly, pockets of gas become more and more dense.stars ignite within these pockets, and groups of stars become the earliest galaxies. This point is still perhaps 12 to 15 billion years before the present. The Hubble Space Telescope recently captured some of the earliest galaxies ever viewed. They appear as tiny blue dots in the Hubble Deep Field, the image on the left.

30 Today s Agenda Develop google docs slideshow for presentations 3 slides only Slideshow should summarize timeline and article. Quotes need to be in quotes and webpage cited. Goal: finish slideshow by end of class. Tomorrow: presentations and take look at Dark Matter and Dark Energy

31 5/12/15 Exit Task Explain something you learned today, be specific and include information from the text.

32 5/13/15 Entry Task Which element do stars burn most of their lives? How/when are the heaviest elements formed?

33 5/13/15 ANSWERS Which elements do stars burn most of their lives? HYDROGEN or HELIUM also see page 699, last paragraph. How/when are the heaviest elements formed? Once a massive star runs out of hydrogen and helium, heavier elements are formed as gravity compresses the core. Finally a supernova creates the heaviest elements see page 701, 2 nd, 3 rd and last paragraph.

34 Today s Agenda COMPLETE google slideshows for presentations 15 minutes with laptops TOMORROW give presentations to class. Last part of class: Book work about stars. READ pages 688 to 698, answer #1-3 on page 693, answer # 1-9 on page 698. Next read pages , answer #1-14 on page 703. Tomorrow: presentations and take look at Dark Matter and Dark Energy

35 5/13/15 Exit Task What is a star? What holds it together? Which process causes the heat and light?

36 5/14/15 Entry Task What is an H-R diagram? Consult page 697. Students who need to make-up UNIT 5 TEST today in tutoring!!

37 Today s Agenda Finish presentations BRIEF: Dark Matter and Dark Energy

38 5/14/15 Exit Task Cancelled due to presentations! HW due MONDAY: Read pages ; Q #1-3 on p. 693 and 1-9 on p And read pages ; Q #1-14 on p. 703.

39 5/15/15 Entry Task Say Something Nice REMINDER: HW due MONDAY: Read pages ; Q #1-3 on p. 693 and 1-9 on p And read pages ; Q #1-14 on p. 703.

40 Today s Agenda Watch How the Universe Works: Black Holes, Alien Galaxies and Extreme Stars Also at DyY Answer the questions on the half sheet.

41 5/15/15 Exit Task Turn in your entry/exit task sheets for the week REMINDER HW due MONDAY: Read pages ; Q #1-3 on p. 693 and 1-9 on p And read pages ; Q #1-14 on p. 703.

42 5/18/15 Entry Task How do we know dark matter must exist? What would happen to galaxies otherwise? Trade and Grade HW Get back Unit 5 test REVIEW ANSWERS If you need more time to do a reflection, please let me know when you would like to attend tutoring M-Th2:30 to 3:30.

43 Today s Agenda Review answers to movie Q. Turn in. Brief Notes on Dark Matter

44 Normal Matter 4% Dark Energy 73% Dark Matter 23%

45 Observation: 90% of matter is an unknown form: Dark Matter. Refine: A new and unknown form of matter exists. But its gravity works the same way, and its presence is needed to explain how the universe looks.

46 Observation: Expansion is accelerating. Refine: Extra energy content (dark energy). A recent discovery and of unknown origin,the concept of dark energy is actually an integral part of Einstein s theory of gravity.

47 Conclusions Big Bang model is our current paradigm or world view of the universe. Anomalies, such as dark matter and accelerating expansion (dark energy), lead us to refine our model, but there is no crisis in the theory. Science is an ongoing process - forcing us to test our model through prediction and observation. The more tests it passes, the greater is our confidence in it.

48 Credits Colliding galaxies: NASA & the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI) Phases of Venus: Albert Van Helden Star field: NASA/GSFC Andromeda: Palomar Observatory, P. Challis, CfA HGC 87: Gemini Observatory/GMOS-S Galaxy cluster: Jean-Charles Cuillandre (CFHT), Hawaiian Starlight, CFHT Orion nebula: MicroObservatory, SAO Galaxy data: courtesy Emilio Falco, CfA Comic microwave background: NASA/WMAP Sun: SOHO/NASA/ESA Cecilia Payne: President and Fellows of Harvard College Early galaxies: NASA, Richard Griffiths/JHU, Medium Deep Survey Team Edge-on galaxy: Bruce Hugo and Leslie Gaul, Adam Block (KPNO Visitor Program), NOAO, AURA, NSF Ring nebula: H. Bond et al., Hubble Heritage Team (STScI / AURA), NASA White dwarf accretion: STScI, NASA Supernova Remnant: NASA/ESA/JHU/R.Sankrit & W.Blair Galaxy and supernova data: High-Z Supernova Search Team, HST, NASA Composition of the universe: SAO Spacecraft and Einstein probes: NASA ALBERT EINSTEIN and related rights / of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, used under license. Represented by the Roger Richman Agency, Inc., Please contact einstein2005@cfa.harvard.edu for more information about non-credited historical images. URL or program name here

49 Additional Credits This presentation was initially developed for the Modeling the Universe educator workshop by the Universe Education Forum and our NASA mission partners. For additional information and activities related to the themes of this presentation, please visit the Modeling the Universe web site: This collaboration is part of the education and public outreach program from NASA s Science Mission Directorate. URL or program name here

50 5/18/15 Exit Task Compared to normal matter, how much dark matter is there? How much of the energy in the universe is dark energy?

51 5/19 or 5/20 The day you are not here is free points Entry Task What color do you think a very hot star would be? A medium hot star like our sun? A cool star?

52 Today s Agenda Notes on Stars Finish sections (Black Hole, Alien Galaxies, Extreme Stars) of How the Universe Works and related Q on ½ sheet.

53 STARS Temperature, Color, Size, and Life Cycle

54 Stars Temperature Hotter objects emit shorter wavelengths Cooler objects emit longer wavelengths Ex. Sun is a medium hot (5800 K or about 5500 C) star and emits X-rays Cooler stars emit infrared Determining surface temperature by maximum emitted wavelength (Wien s Law) *NOTE: 0 degrees Celsius = 273 Kelvin; -273 degrees Celsius = 0 Kelvin

55 Stars Color 25,000 K: star looks blue 6,000 K: star looks yellow (like our sun) 3,000 K: star looks red Chemical composition of burning gas Determined by passing light through a prism to generate a spectrum Ex. Sun is 74% Hydrogen, 25% Helium, 1% Other Spectral Class combination of temperature and chemical composition Signified by a letter O, B, A, F, G, K, M (hottest to coolest) Our sun is G2

56 27.2 The size of stars Stars come in a range of sizes and masses. Our Sun is a mediumsized star. The largest stars, giant stars have a mass of about 60 times the mass of the Sun.

57 27.3 The life cycle of stars A star, regardless of its size, begins its life inside a huge cloud of gas (mostly hydrogen) and dust called a nebula. A protostar is the earliest stage in the life cycle of a star.

58 Stellar Nurseries Optical Infrared: 30 Doradus in LMC May 2006April 2004 Belinda Wilkes

59 Stellar Life Stars burn fuel in their core (fusion: Hydrogen Helium) Once fusion begins, star is in Main Sequence Adult (like The Sun) When H runs out, core heats up and Helium burns: Middle Age (Giant star) When Helium runs out, it burns heavier elements, for example: Iron (Fe) May 2006April 2004 Belinda Wilkes

60 27.3 The life cycle of stars The time a star stays on the main sequence depends on the star s mass. High-mass stars burn brighter, and hotter, using up their hydrogen faster than lowmass stars.

61 May 2006April 2004 Belinda Wilkes

62 Death of a Star When all fuel runs out, the core collapses Outer regions of star explode outwards: Supernova Supernovae can shine more brightly than a galaxy for a few hours/days May 2006April 2004 Belinda Wilkes

63 Supernovae by Chandra May 2006April 2004 Belinda Wilkes

64 Stellar Recycling

65 HR Diagram: temperature vs luminosity May 2006April 2004 Belinda Wilkes

66 H-R Diagram White Dwarfs Main Sequence Our sun is central WHY? White Dwarfs Giants Supergiants

67 Add to your H-R Diagram HOT left side COOL right side BRIGHT top DIM bottom High mass of MS- top left Low mass of MS bottom right OBAFGKMLT

68 5/19/15 or 5/20/15 the day you aren t here is free points Exit Task What is an H-R diagram used for? Explain.

69 5/21/15 Entry Task What is the life cycle of a low mass star? A high mass star? A medium mass star? You can draw this like a flow chart with arrows in between the stages.

70 Today s Agenda Online star life cycle activity TOMORROW: HR graphing activity. Add luminosity scale to H-R diagram TOP of y-axis (either side): 10 6 Evenly spaced: 10 4, 10 2, 1, 10-2 Bottom of y-axis: 10-4

71 5/21/15 Exit Task How does a protostarbecome a star? Explain.

72 5/22/15 Entry Task Say Something Nice 15 min free time for HW goals! Unless you didn t do your homework.other room to complete.

73 On H-R Diagram HR graphing activity. Add luminosity scale to H-R diagram TOP of y-axis (either side): 10 6 Evenly spaced: 10 4, 10 2, 1, 10-2 Bottom of y-axis: 10-4

74 H-R Graphing Analysis Q complete in comp books after plotting stars on H-R 1. What is the general relationship between star temperature and brightness/luminosity? 2. What relationship do you see between star color and temperature? 3. List the colors from coolest to hottest. 4. How does the sun compare to the other stars on main sequence? 5. What spectral class does our sun belong to? 6. If a star is class B what is its temperature and color? 7. Dwarf stars are smaller than our Sun. How can they be so bright?

75 5/22/15 Exit Task Trade and Grade entry/exit task sheets.

76 5/26/15 Entry Task How do you think the age of the Sun (approx. 5 billion years) compares to the age of the earth? What is your reasoning in terms of how the universe evolved after Big Bang?

77 H-R Graphing Analysis Q complete in comp books after plotting stars on H-R 1. What is the general relationship between star temperature and brightness/luminosity? 2. What relationship do you see between star color and temperature? 3. List the colors from coolest to hottest. 4. How does the sun compare to the other stars on main sequence? 5. What spectral class does our sun belong to? 6. If a star is class B what is its temperature and color? 7. Dwarf stars are smaller than our Sun. How can they be so bright?

78 5/26/15 Exit Task Free short classes

79 5/27/15 ( per 1,3,5) and 5/28/15 (per 2,4,6) Free points the day you are not here Entry Task Besides radioactive dating of rocks, how else might scientists determine the age of the earth? What other clues would they have? HEY someone 3 rd period walked off with MY H-R diagram I need it back, please!

80 Answers for discussion OR /BGBB/1/measuring.html Radioactive dating Fossil record Layers of rock

81 Today s Agenda Watch Origins: Earth is Born Take Notes on Key Ideas in your comp books. Also available at:

82 Exit Task 5/27/15 and 5/28/15 Free points the day you are not here Describe the early earth.

83 Earth s Cycles and Climate Change

84 18.1 The geologic time scale Divided into blocks of time called eons, erasand periods.

85 Lasted from 542 to 251 mya Paleozoic era

86 18.1 Mesozoic era Lasted from 251 to 65 mya(aka the Age of Reptiles.)

87 18.1 Cenozoic era Began 65 myaand is still going on (AKA the Age of Mammals).

88 18.1 Mass extinction Scientists have evidence that a large asteroid crashed near Mexico s Yucatan peninsula about 65 mya. The resulting climate change may have caused the extinction of Mesozoic Era reptiles, including most dinosaurs.

89 18.1 Trees and absolute dating Trees are like history books. Each tree ring is a record of what the environment was like that year. Wide tree rings indicated a very wet year and narrow rings indicated a dry year.

90 FYI oldest plants The oldest tree on record is a bristlecone pine called Methuselah. It is 4,765 years old. Gallery Ted Talk oldest living organisms

91 18.2 Law of superposition Law of superposition, which states that the bottom layer of a rock formation is older than the layer on top.

92 18.2 Principle of Fossil succession The organisms found in the top layers appeared after the organisms found in the layers below them.

93 18.2 Fossils and Earth s changing surface Most of the land on Earth was part of a large landmass called Pangaea about 250 millions of years ago.

94 18.3 Rocks keep moving Rock cycle includes weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction and cementation, metamorphism, melting and crystallizing. Plate tectonics plays an important role in the rock cycle.

95 This image cannot currently be displayed Chemical Cycles The Earth s elements essential for living things are called nutrients.

96 11.1 Why is Earth different? Photosynthesis changed Earth s atmosphere.

97 11.1 Photosynthesis and the atmosphere Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide to oxygen and glucose in a process that allows living things use the sun s energy.

98 15.1 The carbon cycle Trace the pathways through which carbon is released and absorbed in the diagram:

99 11.2 The angle of the sun causes different climates At the equator, sunlight is direct and intense. As a result, the average yearly temperature at the equator is 27 C (80 F), while at the North Pole it is -18 C (0 F).

100 15.2 Global climate change Global climate change refers to changes in climate such as temperature, precipitation, or wind that last for two or more decades.

101 15.2 The greenhouse effect The greenhouse effect is the warming of Earth that results when Greenhouse gasestrap heat: water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and carbon compounds produced by industry.

102 97% of scientists agree CURRENT Global warming is human caused and real. Watch John Oliver comedy clip about climate change.

103 Exit Task 5/27/15 and 5/28/15 Free points the day you are not here Describe the early earth.

104 Answers Exit Task Lava flowing, no water, impacted by large meteorites frequently.

105 5/29/15 Entry Task Say something nice

106 Today s Agenda Timeline to understand the evolution of earth and life on earth. You will be given a card with an event described on it. Use your laptop to determine when the event happened in earth s history. Draw a picture (8 x 11) which illustrates the event. Place your card and picture on the appropriate section of the timeline.

107 5/29/15 Exit Task Trade and Grade Please turn in your entry/exit task sheets.

108 /15 Exit Task What caused the extra oxygen in Earth s atmosphere?