UNIT 3 The Study of the. Universe. Chapter 7: The Night Sky. Chapter 8: Exploring Our Stellar Neighbourhood. Chapter 9:The Mysterious.

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "UNIT 3 The Study of the. Universe. Chapter 7: The Night Sky. Chapter 8: Exploring Our Stellar Neighbourhood. Chapter 9:The Mysterious."

Transcription

1 UNIT 3 The Study of the Universe Chapter 7: The Night Sky Chapter 8: Exploring Our Stellar Neighbourhood Chapter 9:The Mysterious Universe

2 CHAPTER 9 The Mysterious Universe In this chapter, you will: identify the three main types of galaxies describe the shape and size of the Milky Way galaxy describe evidence that supports the big bang theory and an evolution model of the universe identify spinoff technologies that have resulted from studying space

3 Matter in Motion (Page 359) Galaxies are huge, rotating collections of stars, planets, gas, and dust. They are held together by gravity. How can you model galaxy rotation?

4 9.1 Galaxies (Page 361) A galaxy is a huge, rotating collection of stars, planets, gas, and dust held together by gravity. In 1780, William Herschel discovered that the Milky Way is made up of stars. Previously, many thought the hazy, white band in the night sky was made of clouds.

5 The Shapes of Galaxies (Page 362) There are three basic shapes of galaxies: spiral, elliptical, and irregular. Spiral galaxies, shown in images (A) and (B), look like pinwheels with spiralling arms when viewed from the top, and like plates with a middle bulge when viewed from the side. Elliptical galaxies (C) range from perfect spheres to stretched out ellipses. Irregular galaxies (D) make up all other shapes.

6 Understanding the Milky Way Galaxy William Herschel thought that the Milky Way was a huge disk of billions of stars, possibly with the Sun at its centre. In the early 20 th century the American astronomer Harlow Shapely studied star clusters (collections of star held together by gravity) within the Milky Way, proving the Sun is nowhere near its centre. Open clusters are collections of 50 to 1000 stars that appear along the main band of the Milky Way. (Page 363) Globular clusters are collections of to a million stars arranged in a distinctive spherical shape. They appear around the centre of the Milky Way.

7 The Diameter and Centre of the Milky Way (Pages 363-4) Scientists have mapped the Milky Way with radio waves. They found that its diameter is light-years and its shape is disk-like. The Sun is about light-years from the centre of the galaxy. The Milky Way is a spiral galaxy of about 200 billion solar masses. Using radio waves as well as infrared radiation, astronomers confirmed that the centre of the Milky Way is surrounded by a bulge of stars. Globular clusters form a sphere around its centre.

8 Reviewing The Milky Way and Galaxy Formation Click the Start buttons to review the Milky Way and galaxy formation.

9 The Local Group (Page 365) The Local Group is a small group of galaxies that includes the Milky Way. It has a diameter of about 10 million light-years. The Milky Way and Andromeda are the largest galaxies in the Local Group. Most of the other galaxies are small, elliptical companions to the larger galaxies.

10 Galaxy Superclusters (Page 366) Superclusters are gigantic clusters of 4 to 25 clusters of galaxies that are hundreds of millions of light-years in size. Astronomers hypothesize that there may be more than 125 billion galaxies, and nearly all of them are organized into clusters. Credit: NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (NASA-JPL)

11 Section 9.1 Review (Page 367) Concepts to be reviewed: How are galaxies classified? What major classifications are used? What type of galaxy is the Milky Way? How large is it? What group of galaxies does it belong to? How are astronomers able to determine the composition, size, and shape of galaxies?

12 9.2 The Universe (Page 368) Cosmology is the study of the universe, including its origin, how it is changing, and its future. The American astronomer Edwin Hubble ( ) photographed and recorded distant galaxies and studied their spectra. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) was named in his honour. Using instruments such as the HST, astronomers can examine galaxies that must have formed shortly after the universe formed.

13 The Doppler Effect (Page 369) The Doppler effect is the change in frequency of a light source due to its motion relative to an observer. It is also the change in pitch of a sound due to the motion of the source related to an observer. The Doppler effect can be observed in spectral star data. In A the star is not moving; in B the star is moving towards the observer or blueshifted; and in C the star is moving away from the observer or redshifted. The redshift shown in image C is the effect in which objects moving away from an observer have their wavelengths lengthened, towards the red end of the spectrum. With a blueshift, shown in image B, wavelengths are shortened towards the blue end of the spectrum.

14 The Expanding Universe (Pages 370-1) In 1929, Edwin Hubble and Milton L. Humason discovered a relationship between a galaxy s redshift and its distance from Earth. A megaparsec (MPC) is equal to one million parsecs (3.26 million light-years) and is the unit of distance commonly used to measure the distance between galaxies. The graph on the left shows that the speed of a galaxy is proportional to the galaxy s distance from Earth. This relationship is called the Hubble law, and the slope of the line is known as the Hubble constant. Russian-American astronomer George Gamow realized the significance of this relationship and theorized that the universe is expanding.

15 Space Exploration Spinoffs (Pages 370-1) Spinoffs are products originally designed for one use that have been adapted for other everyday uses. The high cost of space exploration has been offset somewhat by the generation of unexpected and useful spinoffs. A few examples are: protective suits for racing crews, U.S. Navy divers, and firemen star mapping technology for use in detecting breast cancer eye-controlled switches for use by handicapped people thin, lightweight, and shiny insulation materials radiation monitors

16 The Big Bang Theory (Page 372) Cosmologist believe that at some time in the distant past, the universe was extremely compact, small, and unimaginably dense. Evidence from satellites suggest that the universe began expanding about 14 billion years ago. The big bang is the event that may have triggered the expansion of the universe. The Big Bang Theory states that the universe began expanding with unimaginable violence from a hot and incredibly dense state to its present state. There is now convincing evidence that the big bang may have occurred. (Images courtesy of NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center

17 Evidence of the Big Bang (Page 372) Hubble and Humason s distance redshift relationship supports the idea of a big bang. A second piece of information that supports the theory is the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, which is radiation left over from the big bang. The universe was originally filled with gamma rays (radiation with very short wavelengths). As the universe expanded, the gamma radiation was stretched into visible light, and then eventually into microwaves. It is this background energy that we find today.

18 Uncovering the CMB Radiation Evidence (Page 373) In 1965, two American scientists working for Bell Telephone Labs, Robert Wilson and Arno Penzias, discovered the background radiation that Gamow predicted would be left over from the big bang. The discovery was made while trying to determine the source of radio static/noise. The scientists won the 1978 Nobel prize in physics for their efforts. Bell Labs horn radio antenna in New Jersey where the background radiation was discovered Credit: NASA

19 COBE and WMAP (Page 373) The COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) and WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe) are two NASA satellites that were designed to measure background radiation left over from the big bang. Credit: NASA/WMAP Science Team Credit: NASA/LAMBDA WMAP COBE The maps above show the CMB radiation (represented mostly in green) that the probes detected.

20 Looking Back in Time (Page 374) Modern telescopes can see enormous distances into the universe, which means they can see very far back into the past. Seeing stars that are 10 billion light-years away gives us a view of the universe as it was 10 billion years ago. The COBE and WMAP images represent the universe when it was only years old (0.002% of its current age). The timeline below represents the evolution of the universe.

21 Reviewing The Big Bang Click the Start button to review the evolution of the universe.

22 The James Webb Space Telescope (Page 375) NASA plans to launch the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) in 2013 to replace the Hubble Space Telescope. With its much larger mirror, the JWST will be able to see much farther into space, back to when the first galaxies were formed. Credit: NASA The much larger JWST mirror is only half the mass of the HST mirror.

23 CERN (Page 375) CERN (The European Organization for Nuclear Research), located in Switzerland, operates the world s more powerful machine for studying particles at high energies. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) can conduct experiments at energies found in the universe s after the big bang, revealing secrets of the early universe. Copyright CERN

24 Section 9.2 Review (Page 376) Concepts to be reviewed: What observations led to the discovery that the universe was expanding? What spinoff products have been developed due to space exploration? What is the most widely accepted theory of the beginning of the universe? What details describe this theory?

25 9.3 Unsolved Mysteries (Page 377) The universe still holds many mysteries and secrets. One of these mysteries is dark matter. Dark matter is the most abundant form of matter in the universe, but it is invisible to telescopes. The light blue areas in image (B) represent a computer generation of where the dark matter might be.

26 Dark Matter and the Andromeda Galaxy (Page 378) Using the estimated mass of the Andromeda galaxy, astronomers predicted the speeds of stars at various distances from its centre. They found that the stars were moving much faster than expected. The dark matter in and around Andromeda is represented by the blue sphere. The astronomers could explain the speed differences by assuming that the galaxy contained 90% more mass than what was visible. Since the missing mass did not emit any light, it could not be seen. For this reason the missing mass was given the name dark matter. Dark matter has yet to be detected, and its true identity remains unknown.

27 Dark Matter and the Milky Way Galaxy (Page 379) Astronomers believe that the Milky Way is sitting in a huge halo of dark matter. The mass of the Milky Way has been estimated at 200 billion solar masses. After observing the motion of galaxies within the local group, astronomers suggested its mass is at least 10 times larger. This means that only 10% of the Milky Way is composed of visible matter. The remaining 90% is, theoretically, dark matter. Astronomers believe that visible matter makes up only 4% of the universe; dark matter makes up 23%; and dark energy makes up the rest.

28 Dark Energy (Page 380) Dark energy is a form of energy that makes up nearly three-quarters of the universe. Dark energy has the effect of increasing the expansion of the universe. The expansion of the universe began accelerating about 7 billion years ago. Astronomers predicted that after the Big Bang, the expansion of the universe would be decreasing due to gravity. Instead, supernovae were found farther away than was expected. This meant that the opposite was actually true: expansion was accelerating. Something must be counteracting gravity and accelerating the expansion. That something was given the name dark energy.

29 Section 9.3 Review (Page 381) Concepts to be reviewed: What is dark matter? What observations made scientists hypothesize its existence? What portion of the universe is composed of dark matter? What is dark energy? How does it affect the expansion of the universe?

9.2 The Universe. p. 368

9.2 The Universe. p. 368 9.2 The Universe p. 368 Cosmology the study of the universe, including its origin, how it is changing, and its future. The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) The American astronomer Edwin Hubble (1889-1953)

More information

Figure 19.19: HST photo called Hubble Deep Field.

Figure 19.19: HST photo called Hubble Deep Field. 19.3 Galaxies and the Universe Early civilizations thought that Earth was the center of the universe. In the sixteenth century, we became aware that Earth is a small planet orbiting a medium-sized star.

More information

Chapter 25: Beyond our Solar System The Universe pp

Chapter 25: Beyond our Solar System The Universe pp Chapter 25: Beyond our Solar System 25.3 The Universe pp 715-721 The Milky Way Galaxy On a clear and moonless night, away from city lights, you might see a a band of light in the sky. This band is The

More information

The Big Bang Theory was first proposed in the late 1920 s. This singularity was incredibly dense and hot.

The Big Bang Theory was first proposed in the late 1920 s. This singularity was incredibly dense and hot. The Big Bang Theory was first proposed in the late 1920 s. It states that there was an infinitely small, infinitely dense point that contained everything that is the universe. This singularity was incredibly

More information

o Terms to know o Big Bang Theory o Doppler Effect o Redshift o Universe

o Terms to know o Big Bang Theory o Doppler Effect o Redshift o Universe Standard 1: Students will understand the scientific evidence that supports theories that explain how the universe and the solar system developed. They will compare Earth to other objects in the solar system.

More information

The Universe and Galaxies. Adapted from:

The Universe and Galaxies. Adapted from: The Universe and Galaxies Adapted from: http://www.west-jefferson.k12.oh.us/earthandspacescience.aspx Astronomy The study of objects and matter outside the Earth s atmosphere and of their physical and

More information

Formation of the Universe. What evidence supports current scientific theory?

Formation of the Universe. What evidence supports current scientific theory? Formation of the Universe What evidence supports current scientific theory? Cosmology Cosmology is the study of the Nature, Structure, Origin, And fate of the universe. How did it all begin? Astronomers

More information

Practice Test: ES-5 Galaxies

Practice Test: ES-5 Galaxies Class: Date: Practice Test: ES-5 Galaxies Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Light Years * The distance between stars and galaxies

More information

Lecture Outlines. Chapter 24. Astronomy Today 8th Edition Chaisson/McMillan Pearson Education, Inc.

Lecture Outlines. Chapter 24. Astronomy Today 8th Edition Chaisson/McMillan Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture Outlines Chapter 24 Astronomy Today 8th Edition Chaisson/McMillan Chapter 24 Galaxies Units of Chapter 24 24.1 Hubble s Galaxy Classification 24.2 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space 24.3 Hubble

More information

Galaxies and the Universe

Galaxies and the Universe Standard 7.3.1: Recognize and describe that the Sun is a medium-sized star located near the edge of a diskshaped galaxy of stars and that the universe contains many billions of galaxies and each galaxy

More information

Name Date Period. 10. convection zone 11. radiation zone 12. core

Name Date Period. 10. convection zone 11. radiation zone 12. core 240 points CHAPTER 29 STARS SECTION 29.1 The Sun (40 points this page) In your textbook, read about the properties of the Sun and the Sun s atmosphere. Use each of the terms below just once to complete

More information

THE UNIVERSE CHAPTER 20

THE UNIVERSE CHAPTER 20 THE UNIVERSE CHAPTER 20 THE UNIVERSE UNIVERSE everything physical in and Includes all space, matter, and energy that has existed, now exists, and will exist in the future. How did our universe form, how

More information

Chapter 15 2/19/2014. Lecture Outline Hubble s Galaxy Classification. Normal and Active Galaxies Hubble s Galaxy Classification

Chapter 15 2/19/2014. Lecture Outline Hubble s Galaxy Classification. Normal and Active Galaxies Hubble s Galaxy Classification Lecture Outline Chapter 15 Normal and Active Galaxies Spiral galaxies are classified according to the size of their central bulge. Chapter 15 Normal and Active Galaxies Type Sa has the largest central

More information

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Base your answers to questions 1 and 2 on the passage below and on your knowledge of Earth Science. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation In the 1920s, Edwin Hubble's discovery of a pattern in the red

More information

BROCK UNIVERSITY. Test 2, March 2015 Number of pages: 9 Course: ASTR 1P02 Number of Students: 420 Date of Examination: March 5, 2015

BROCK UNIVERSITY. Test 2, March 2015 Number of pages: 9 Course: ASTR 1P02 Number of Students: 420 Date of Examination: March 5, 2015 BROCK UNIVERSITY Page 1 of 9 Test 2, March 2015 Number of pages: 9 Course: ASTR 1P02 Number of Students: 420 Date of Examination: March 5, 2015 Number of hours: 50 min Time of Examination: 18:00 18:50

More information

Astronomy 210 Final. Astronomy: The Big Picture. Outline

Astronomy 210 Final. Astronomy: The Big Picture. Outline Astronomy 210 Final This Class (Lecture 40): The Big Bang Next Class: The end HW #11 Due next Weds. Final is May 10 th. Review session: May 6 th or May 9 th? Designed to be 2 hours long 1 st half is just

More information

Chapter 30. Galaxies and the Universe. Chapter 30:

Chapter 30. Galaxies and the Universe. Chapter 30: Chapter 30 Galaxies and the Universe Chapter 30: Galaxies and the Universe Chapter 30.1: Stars with varying light output allowed astronomers to map the Milky Way, which has a halo, spiral arm, and a massive

More information

Sit in your appropriate seat quietly Have all necessary materials out All back packs on the floor All cell phones on silent and away in backpacks All

Sit in your appropriate seat quietly Have all necessary materials out All back packs on the floor All cell phones on silent and away in backpacks All Sit in your appropriate seat quietly Have all necessary materials out All back packs on the floor All cell phones on silent and away in backpacks All IPods off and headphones out of your ears Hats off

More information

Island Universes. Up to 1920 s, many thought that Milky Way encompassed entire universe.

Island Universes. Up to 1920 s, many thought that Milky Way encompassed entire universe. Island Universes Up to 1920 s, many thought that Milky Way encompassed entire universe. Observed three types of nebulas (clouds): - diffuse, spiral, elliptical - many were faint, indistinct - originally

More information

What is the solar system?

What is the solar system? Notes Astronomy What is the solar system? 11.1 Structure of the Solar System Our solar system includes planets and dwarf planets, their moons, a star called the Sun, asteroids and comets. Planets, dwarf

More information

LESSON 1. Solar System

LESSON 1. Solar System Astronomy Notes LESSON 1 Solar System 11.1 Structure of the Solar System axis of rotation period of rotation period of revolution ellipse astronomical unit What is the solar system? 11.1 Structure of the

More information

TA Final Review. Class Announcements. Objectives Today. Compare True and Apparent brightness. Finding Distances with Cepheids

TA Final Review. Class Announcements. Objectives Today. Compare True and Apparent brightness. Finding Distances with Cepheids Class Announcements Vocab Quiz 4 deadline is Saturday Midterm 4 has started, ends Monday Lab was in the Planetarium. You still need to do the 2 questions Check PS100 webpage, make sure your clicker is

More information

New Ideas from Astronomy and Cosmology. Martin Buoncristiani Session 5 4/21/2011

New Ideas from Astronomy and Cosmology. Martin Buoncristiani Session 5 4/21/2011 New Ideas from Astronomy and Cosmology Martin Buoncristiani Session 5 Agenda Introduction Space, Time and Matter Early views of the cosmos Important Ideas from Classical Physics Two 20 th Century revolutions

More information

25/11/ Cosmological Red Shift:

25/11/ Cosmological Red Shift: 12.1 Edwin Hubble Discovered galaxies other than the milky way. Galaxy: A collection of stars, planets, gas, and dust that are held together by gravity. Our sun and planets are in the Milky Way Hubble

More information

Lecture #24: Plan. Cosmology. Expansion of the Universe Olber s Paradox Birth of our Universe

Lecture #24: Plan. Cosmology. Expansion of the Universe Olber s Paradox Birth of our Universe Lecture #24: Plan Cosmology Expansion of the Universe Olber s Paradox Birth of our Universe Reminder: Redshifts and the Expansion of the Universe Early 20 th century astronomers noted: Spectra from most

More information

The Big Bang. Olber s Paradox. Hubble s Law. Why is the night sky dark? The Universe is expanding and We cannot see an infinite Universe

The Big Bang. Olber s Paradox. Hubble s Law. Why is the night sky dark? The Universe is expanding and We cannot see an infinite Universe The Big Bang Olber s Paradox Why is the night sky dark? The Universe is expanding and We cannot see an infinite Universe Hubble s Law v = H0 d v = recession velocity in km/sec d = distance in Mpc H 0 =

More information

v = H o d Hubble s Law: Distant galaxies move away fastest Velocity (v) is proportional to Distance (d):

v = H o d Hubble s Law: Distant galaxies move away fastest Velocity (v) is proportional to Distance (d): Hubble s Law: Distant galaxies move away fastest Velocity (v) is proportional to Distance (d): v = H o d The Hubble Constant was measured after decades of observation: H 0 = 70 km/s/mpc Velocity (km/s)

More information

Big Galaxies Are Rare! Cepheid Distance Measurement. Clusters of Galaxies. The Nature of Galaxies

Big Galaxies Are Rare! Cepheid Distance Measurement. Clusters of Galaxies. The Nature of Galaxies Big Galaxies Are Rare! Potato Chip Rule: More small things than large things Big, bright spirals are easy to see, but least common Dwarf ellipticals & irregulars are most common Faint, hard to see Mostly

More information

The Big Bang Theory. Rachel Fludd and Matthijs Hoekstra

The Big Bang Theory. Rachel Fludd and Matthijs Hoekstra The Big Bang Theory Rachel Fludd and Matthijs Hoekstra Theories from Before the Big Bang came from a black hole from another universe? our universe is part of a multiverse? just random particles? The Big

More information

Galaxies and Star Systems

Galaxies and Star Systems Chapter 5 Section 5.1 Galaxies and Star Systems Galaxies Terms: Galaxy Spiral Galaxy Elliptical Galaxy Irregular Galaxy Milky Way Galaxy Quasar Black Hole Types of Galaxies A galaxy is a huge group of

More information

The Universe. Unit 3 covers the following framework standards: ES 8 and 12. Content was adapted the following:

The Universe. Unit 3 covers the following framework standards: ES 8 and 12. Content was adapted the following: Unit 3 The Universe Chapter 4 ~ The Formation of the Universe o Section 1 ~ The Scale of the Universe o Section 2 ~ The Formation of the Universe o Section 3 ~ The Future of the Universe Chapter 5 ~ Galaxies

More information

Review of Lecture 15 3/17/10. Lecture 15: Dark Matter and the Cosmic Web (plus Gamma Ray Bursts) Prof. Tom Megeath

Review of Lecture 15 3/17/10. Lecture 15: Dark Matter and the Cosmic Web (plus Gamma Ray Bursts) Prof. Tom Megeath Lecture 15: Dark Matter and the Cosmic Web (plus Gamma Ray Bursts) Prof. Tom Megeath A2020 Disk Component: stars of all ages, many gas clouds Review of Lecture 15 Spheroidal Component: bulge & halo, old

More information

According to the currents models of stellar life cycle, our sun will eventually become a. Chapter 34: Cosmology. Cosmology: How the Universe Works

According to the currents models of stellar life cycle, our sun will eventually become a. Chapter 34: Cosmology. Cosmology: How the Universe Works Chapter 34: Cosmology According to the currents models of stellar life cycle, our sun will eventually become a a) Cloud of hydrogen gas b) Protostar c) Neutron star d) Black hole e) White dwarf id you

More information

8/30/2010. Classifying Stars. Classifying Stars. Classifying Stars

8/30/2010. Classifying Stars. Classifying Stars. Classifying Stars Classifying Stars In the early 1900s, Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Russell made some important observations. They noticed that, in general, stars with higher temperatures also have brighter absolute magnitudes.

More information

Big Bang Theory PowerPoint

Big Bang Theory PowerPoint Big Bang Theory PowerPoint Name: # Period: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Recombination Photon Epoch Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Hadron Epoch Hadron Epoch Quark Epoch The Primordial Era Electroweak Epoch Inflationary Epoch

More information

Active Galaxies and Galactic Structure Lecture 22 April 18th

Active Galaxies and Galactic Structure Lecture 22 April 18th Active Galaxies and Galactic Structure Lecture 22 April 18th FINAL Wednesday 5/9/2018 6-8 pm 100 questions, with ~20-30% based on material covered since test 3. Do not miss the final! Extra Credit: Thursday

More information

9.6. Other Components of the Universe. Star Clusters. Types of Galaxies

9.6. Other Components of the Universe. Star Clusters. Types of Galaxies Other Components of the Universe 9.6 The most common type of celestial object astronomers see in space is a star. Most stars appear to be gravitationally bound together into groups, and some groups are

More information

Big Bang Theory. How did this theory develop, and what is the evidence for it?

Big Bang Theory. How did this theory develop, and what is the evidence for it? Big Bang Theory Big Bang Theory Big bang theory suggests that the universe began from a single point about 13.82 billion years ago. What existed before this event is completely unknown to science, but

More information

Revision Guide for Chapter 12

Revision Guide for Chapter 12 Revision Guide for Chapter 12 Contents Student s Checklist Revision Notes The speed of light... 4 Doppler effect... 4 Expansion of the Universe... 5 Microwave background radiation... 5 Galaxy... 6 Summary

More information

CHAPTER 28 STARS AND GALAXIES

CHAPTER 28 STARS AND GALAXIES CHAPTER 28 STARS AND GALAXIES 28.1 A CLOSER LOOK AT LIGHT Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation, which is energy that travels in waves. Waves of energy travel at 300,000 km/sec (speed of light Ex:

More information

the evidence that the size of the observable Universe is changing;

the evidence that the size of the observable Universe is changing; Q1. Describe, in as much detail as you can: the evidence that the size of the observable Universe is changing; the evidence that, billions of years ago, all the matter in the Universe was tightly packed

More information

THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE AND BLACK HOLES

THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE AND BLACK HOLES THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE AND BLACK HOLES WHAT IS COSMOGONY? Cosmogony (or cosmogeny) is any model explaining the origin of the universe. Cosmogony = Coming into existence WHAT IS COSMOLOGY Cosmology

More information

Star systems like our Milky Way. Galaxies

Star systems like our Milky Way. Galaxies Galaxies Star systems like our Milky Way Galaxies Contain a few thousand to tens of billions of stars,as well as varying amounts of gas and dust Large variety of shapes and sizes Gas and Dust in

More information

The Formation of the Solar System

The Formation of the Solar System Earth and the Solar System The Formation of the Solar System Write a number beside each picture to rank each from the oldest (1) to the youngest (4). The universe includes everything that exists: all matter,

More information

Light. Transverse electromagnetic wave, or electromagnetic radiation. Includes radio waves, microwaves, infra-red, visible, UV, X-rays, and gamma rays

Light. Transverse electromagnetic wave, or electromagnetic radiation. Includes radio waves, microwaves, infra-red, visible, UV, X-rays, and gamma rays Light Transverse electromagnetic wave, or electromagnetic radiation Includes radio waves, microwaves, infra-red, visible, UV, X-rays, and gamma rays The type of light is determined purely by wavelength.

More information

Astronomy: The Big Picture. Outline. What does Hubble s Law mean?

Astronomy: The Big Picture. Outline. What does Hubble s Law mean? Last Homework is due Friday 11:50 am Honor credit need to have those papers this week! Estimated grades are posted. Does not include HW 8 or Extra Credit THE FINAL IS DECEMBER 15 th : 7-10pm! Astronomy:

More information

Edwin Hubble Discovered galaxies other than the milky way. Galaxy:

Edwin Hubble Discovered galaxies other than the milky way. Galaxy: Edwin Hubble Discovered galaxies other than the milky way. Galaxy: A collection of stars, planets, gas, and dust that are held together by gravity. Our sun and planets are in the Milky Way He noticed that

More information

Chapter 23 The Milky Way Galaxy Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 23 The Milky Way Galaxy Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 23 The Milky Way Galaxy The Milky Way is our own galaxy viewed from the inside. It is a vast collection of more than 200 billion stars, planets, nebulae, clusters, dust and gas. Our own sun and

More information

The Expanding Universe

The Expanding Universe Cosmology Expanding Universe History of the Universe Cosmic Background Radiation The Cosmological Principle Cosmology and General Relativity Dark Matter and Dark Energy Primitive Cosmology If the universe

More information

Cosmology, Galaxies, and Stars OUR VISIBLE UNIVERSE

Cosmology, Galaxies, and Stars OUR VISIBLE UNIVERSE Cosmology, Galaxies, and Stars OUR VISIBLE UNIVERSE Cosmology Cosmology is the study of the universe; its nature, origin and evolution. General Relativity is the mathematical basis of cosmology from which

More information

Galaxies. Beyond the Book. FOCUS Book. Make a model that helps demonstrate how the universe is expanding. Follow these steps:

Galaxies. Beyond the Book. FOCUS Book. Make a model that helps demonstrate how the universe is expanding. Follow these steps: FOCUS Book Galaxies Make a model that helps demonstrate how the universe is expanding. Follow these steps: 1 Use markers to make dots on the outside of an uninflated balloon to represent galaxies full

More information

It is about 100,000 ly across, 2,000 ly thick, and our solar system is located 26,000 ly away from the center of the galaxy.

It is about 100,000 ly across, 2,000 ly thick, and our solar system is located 26,000 ly away from the center of the galaxy. The Galaxies The Milky Way Galaxy Is a spiral galaxy in which our solar system is located. The center of the galaxy lies in the Sagittarius Constellation. It is about 100,000 ly across, 2,000 ly thick,

More information

Lecture Outlines. Chapter 23. Astronomy Today 8th Edition Chaisson/McMillan Pearson Education, Inc.

Lecture Outlines. Chapter 23. Astronomy Today 8th Edition Chaisson/McMillan Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture Outlines Chapter 23 Astronomy Today 8th Edition Chaisson/McMillan Chapter 23 The Milky Way Galaxy Units of Chapter 23 23.1 Our Parent Galaxy 23.2 Measuring the Milky Way Discovery 23-1 Early Computers

More information

Lecture 37 Cosmology [not on exam] January 16b, 2014

Lecture 37 Cosmology [not on exam] January 16b, 2014 1 Lecture 37 Cosmology [not on exam] January 16b, 2014 2 Structure of the Universe Does clustering of galaxies go on forever? Looked at very narrow regions of space to far distances. On large scales the

More information

Astronomy 162, Week 10 Cosmology Patrick S. Osmer Spring, 2006

Astronomy 162, Week 10 Cosmology Patrick S. Osmer Spring, 2006 Astronomy 162, Week 10 Cosmology Patrick S. Osmer Spring, 2006 Information Makeup quiz Wednesday, May 31, 5-6PM, Planetarium Review Session, Monday, June 5 6PM, Planetarium Cosmology Study of the universe

More information

Implications of the Hubble Law: - it is not static, unchanging - Universe had a beginning!! - could not have been expanding forever HUBBLE LAW:

Implications of the Hubble Law: - it is not static, unchanging - Universe had a beginning!! - could not have been expanding forever HUBBLE LAW: Cosmology and the Evolution of the Universe Edwin Hubble, 1929: -almost all galaxies have a redshift -moving away from us -greater distance greater redshift Implications of the Hubble Law: - Universe is

More information

Cosmology and the Evolution of the Universe. Implications of the Hubble Law: - Universe is changing (getting bigger!) - it is not static, unchanging

Cosmology and the Evolution of the Universe. Implications of the Hubble Law: - Universe is changing (getting bigger!) - it is not static, unchanging Cosmology and the Evolution of the Edwin Hubble, 1929: -almost all galaxies have a redshift -moving away from us -exceptions in Local Group -with distance measurements - found a relationship greater distance

More information

Hubble's Law. H o = 71 km/s / Mpc. The further a galaxy is away, the faster it s moving away from us. V = H 0 D. Modern Data.

Hubble's Law. H o = 71 km/s / Mpc. The further a galaxy is away, the faster it s moving away from us. V = H 0 D. Modern Data. Cosmology Cosmology is the study of the origin and evolution of the Universe, addressing the grandest issues: How "big" is the Universe? Does it have an "edge"? What is its large-scale structure? How did

More information

Cosmology. Stellar Parallax seen. The modern view of the universe

Cosmology. Stellar Parallax seen. The modern view of the universe Cosmology The modern view of the universe SC/NATS 1730, XXVIIICosmology 1 Stellar Parallax Copernicus said stellar parallax couldn t be seen because the stars were so far away. A strictly ad hoc explanation

More information

BROCK UNIVERSITY. Test 2: July 2015 Number of pages: 9 Course: ASTR 1P02, Section 2 Number of students: 318

BROCK UNIVERSITY. Test 2: July 2015 Number of pages: 9 Course: ASTR 1P02, Section 2 Number of students: 318 BROCK UNIVERSITY Page 1 of 9 Test 2: July 2015 Number of pages: 9 Course: ASTR 1P02, Section 2 Number of students: 318 Examination date: 4 July 2015 Time limit: 50 min Time of Examination: 13:00 13:50

More information

The State of the Universe

The State of the Universe The State of the Universe Harry Ringermacher, PhD General Electric Research Center Adj. Prof. of Physics, U. of S. Mississippi State of the Universe Universe is still going strong! - At least 100,000,000,000

More information

Chapter 17 Cosmology

Chapter 17 Cosmology Chapter 17 Cosmology Over one thousand galaxies visible The Universe on the Largest Scales No evidence of structure on a scale larger than 200 Mpc On very large scales, the universe appears to be: Homogenous

More information

Chapter 26: Cosmology

Chapter 26: Cosmology Chapter 26: Cosmology Cosmology means the study of the structure and evolution of the entire universe as a whole. First of all, we need to know whether the universe has changed with time, or if it has

More information

Earth Science Lesson Plan Quarter 4, Week 9, Day 1

Earth Science Lesson Plan Quarter 4, Week 9, Day 1 Earth Science Lesson Plan Quarter 4, Week 9, Day 1 Outcomes for Today Standard Focus: Earth Sciences 2.a Students know that the solar system is located on the outer edge of the disk-shaped Milky Way galaxy,

More information

Earth in Space. Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe

Earth in Space. Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe Earth in Space Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe Key Concepts What are stars? How does the Sun compare to other stars? Where is Earth located in the universe? How is the universe structured? What do you

More information

The phenomenon of gravitational lenses

The phenomenon of gravitational lenses The phenomenon of gravitational lenses The phenomenon of gravitational lenses If we look carefully at the image taken with the Hubble Space Telescope, of the Galaxy Cluster Abell 2218 in the constellation

More information

M31 - Andromeda Galaxy M110 M32

M31 - Andromeda Galaxy M110 M32 UNIT 4 - Galaxies XIV. The Milky Way galaxy - a huge collection of millions or billions of stars, gas, and dust, isolated in space and held together by its own gravity M110 M31 - Andromeda Galaxy A. Structure

More information

IX. Stuff that's Bigger than the Solar System

IX. Stuff that's Bigger than the Solar System IX. Stuff that's Bigger than the Solar System Physics II 3/26/09 Leeson IX. A. Galaxies M104 Sombrero Galaxy (in Virgo) M31 A. 1. What is a Galaxy? A system of stars, planets, dust, and gas held together

More information

COSMOLOGY The Universe what is its age and origin?

COSMOLOGY The Universe what is its age and origin? COSMOLOGY The Universe what is its age and origin? REVIEW (SUMMARY) Oppenheimer Volkhoff limit: upper limit to mass of neutron star remnant more than 1.4 M à neutron degeneracy Supernova à extremely dense

More information

How Did the Universe Begin?

How Did the Universe Begin? How Did the Universe Begin? As we will discuss in this lecture, it looks like the Universe started about 14 billion years ago and has been expanding (space stretching) ever since. The model of what happened

More information

Class 5 Cosmology Large-Scale Structure of the Universe What do we see? Big Bang Cosmology What model explains what we see?

Class 5 Cosmology Large-Scale Structure of the Universe What do we see? Big Bang Cosmology What model explains what we see? Class 1 Introduction, Background History of Modern Astronomy The Night Sky, Eclipses and the Seasons Kepler's Laws Newtonian Gravity General Relativity Matter and Light Telescopes Class 2 Solar System

More information

The Universe. What is it? What is in it? How did it form? How will it end? How do we know?

The Universe. What is it? What is in it? How did it form? How will it end? How do we know? The Universe What is it? What is in it? How did it form? How will it end? How do we know? What is your place in the Universe? What is the universe? a. The study of the universe its nature, origins, and

More information

PHY1033C/HIS3931/IDH 3931 : Discovering Physics: The Universe and Humanity s Place in It Fall 2016

PHY1033C/HIS3931/IDH 3931 : Discovering Physics: The Universe and Humanity s Place in It Fall 2016 PHY1033C/HIS3931/IDH 3931 : Discovering Physics: The Universe and Humanity s Place in It Fall 2016 Online evaluations open Announcements Final Exam Thursday, 15 December, 10am - 12, noon In-class NPB 1002

More information

Olbers Paradox. Why is the sky dark? Possible answers:

Olbers Paradox. Why is the sky dark? Possible answers: Olbers Paradox Why is the sky dark? If the universe were infinitely big and infinitely old, there should be no dark patches in the sky (Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers (1757-- 1840) ) Possible answers: Dust? No,

More information

Observing the Night Sky. Observing the Night Sky. Observing the Night Sky. Observing the Night Sky. Observing the Night Sky. Chapter 29 THE UNIVERSE

Observing the Night Sky. Observing the Night Sky. Observing the Night Sky. Observing the Night Sky. Observing the Night Sky. Chapter 29 THE UNIVERSE Hewitt/Lyons/Suchocki/Yeh Conceptual Integrated Science Constellations are groups of stars named over antiquity. A familiar constellation is Ursa Major, the Great Bear. Chapter 29 THE UNIVERSE The monthly

More information

The Cosmological Redshift. Cepheid Variables. Hubble s Diagram

The Cosmological Redshift. Cepheid Variables. Hubble s Diagram SOME NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF THE EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSE. Lecture 22 Hubble s Law and the Large Scale Structure of the Universe PRS: According to modern ideas and observations, what can be said about the

More information

COSMOLOGY PHYS 30392 OBSERVING THE UNIVERSE Part I Giampaolo Pisano - Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics The University of Manchester - January 2013 http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/~gp/ giampaolo.pisano@manchester.ac.uk

More information

25.2 Stellar Evolution. By studying stars of different ages, astronomers have been able to piece together the evolution of a star.

25.2 Stellar Evolution. By studying stars of different ages, astronomers have been able to piece together the evolution of a star. 25.2 Stellar Evolution By studying stars of different ages, astronomers have been able to piece together the evolution of a star. Star Birth The birthplaces of stars are dark, cool interstellar clouds,

More information

The Milky Way. Finding the Center. Milky Way Composite Photo. Finding the Center. Milky Way : A band of and a. Milky Way

The Milky Way. Finding the Center. Milky Way Composite Photo. Finding the Center. Milky Way : A band of and a. Milky Way The Milky Way Milky Way : A band of and a The band of light we see is really 100 billion stars Milky Way probably looks like Andromeda. Milky Way Composite Photo Milky Way Before the 1920 s, astronomers

More information

Cosmology. Clusters of galaxies. Redshift. Late 1920 s: Hubble plots distances versus velocities of galaxies. λ λ. redshift =

Cosmology. Clusters of galaxies. Redshift. Late 1920 s: Hubble plots distances versus velocities of galaxies. λ λ. redshift = Cosmology Study of the structure and origin of the universe Observational science The large-scale distribution of galaxies Looking out to extremely large distances The motions of galaxies Clusters of galaxies

More information

CH 14 MODERN COSMOLOGY The Study of Nature, origin and evolution of the universe Does the Universe have a center and an edge? What is the evidence

CH 14 MODERN COSMOLOGY The Study of Nature, origin and evolution of the universe Does the Universe have a center and an edge? What is the evidence CH 14 MODERN COSMOLOGY The Study of Nature, origin and evolution of the universe Does the Universe have a center and an edge? What is the evidence that the Universe began with a Big Bang? How has the Universe

More information

ASTR 101 General Astronomy: Stars & Galaxies

ASTR 101 General Astronomy: Stars & Galaxies ASTR 101 General Astronomy: Stars & Galaxies ANNOUNCEMENTS MIDTERM III: Tuesday, Nov 24 th Midterm alternate day: Fri, Nov 20th, 11am, ESS 450 At LAST: In the very Beginning BIG BANG: beginning of Time

More information

1. The symbols below represent the Milky Way galaxy, the solar system, the Sun, and the universe.

1. The symbols below represent the Milky Way galaxy, the solar system, the Sun, and the universe. Name Date 1. The symbols below represent the Milky Way galaxy, the solar system, the Sun, and the universe. 4. The diagram below illustrates three stages of a current theory of the formation of the universe.

More information

Chapter 15 The Milky Way Galaxy. The Milky Way

Chapter 15 The Milky Way Galaxy. The Milky Way Chapter 15 The Milky Way Galaxy The Milky Way Almost everything we see in the night sky belongs to the Milky Way We see most of the Milky Way as a faint band of light across the sky From the outside, our

More information

Astronomy 114. Lecture35:TheBigBang. Martin D. Weinberg. UMass/Astronomy Department

Astronomy 114. Lecture35:TheBigBang. Martin D. Weinberg. UMass/Astronomy Department Astronomy 114 Lecture35:TheBigBang Martin D. Weinberg weinberg@astro.umass.edu UMass/Astronomy Department A114: Lecture 35 09 May 2005 Read: Ch. 28,29 Astronomy 114 1/18 Announcements PS#8 due Monday!

More information

The Big Bang Theory (page 854)

The Big Bang Theory (page 854) Name Class Date Space Homework Packet Homework #1 Hubble s Law (pages 852 853) 1. How can astronomers use the Doppler effect? 2. The shift in the light of a galaxy toward the red wavelengths is called

More information

The Cosmic Microwave Background

The Cosmic Microwave Background The Cosmic Microwave Background Our probe of the birth of the universe Will Handley wh260@cam.ac.uk Astrophysics Department Cavendish Laboratory University of Cambridge 20 th March 2013 Overview Light

More information

BROCK UNIVERSITY. Test 2, March 2018 Number of pages: 9 Course: ASTR 1P02, Section 1 Number of Students: 465 Date of Examination: March 12, 2018

BROCK UNIVERSITY. Test 2, March 2018 Number of pages: 9 Course: ASTR 1P02, Section 1 Number of Students: 465 Date of Examination: March 12, 2018 BROCK UNIVERSITY Page 1 of 9 Test 2, March 2018 Number of pages: 9 Course: ASTR 1P02, Section 1 Number of Students: 465 Date of Examination: March 12, 2018 Number of hours: 50 min Time of Examination:

More information

The Continuing Copernican Revolution...

The Continuing Copernican Revolution... The Continuing Copernican Revolution... from Heliocentricity to the Cosmological Principle Astro 203 Vanderbilt University 2006/10/19 Prof. Rob Knop Slides online at: http://brahms.phy.vanderbilt.edu/~rknop/classes/talkslides#awayfmctr

More information

Exam 3 Astronomy 100, Section 3. Some Equations You Might Need

Exam 3 Astronomy 100, Section 3. Some Equations You Might Need Exam 3 Astronomy 100, Section 3 Some Equations You Might Need modified Kepler s law: M = [a(au)]3 [p(yr)] (a is radius of the orbit, p is the rotation period. You 2 should also remember that the period

More information

Laboratory: Milky Way

Laboratory: Milky Way Department of Physics and Geology Laboratory: Milky Way Astronomy 1402 Equipment Needed Quantity Equipment Needed Quantity Milky Way galaxy Model 1 Ruler 1 1.1 Our Milky Way Part 1: Background Milky Way

More information

Cosmology: The History of the Universe

Cosmology: The History of the Universe Cosmology: The History of the Universe The Universe originated in an explosion called the Big Bang. Everything started out 13.7 billion years ago with zero size and infinite temperature. Since then, it

More information

BASICS OF COSMOLOGY Astro 2299

BASICS OF COSMOLOGY Astro 2299 BASICS OF COSMOLOGY Astro 2299 We live in a ΛCDM universe that began as a hot big bang (BB) and has flat geometry. It will expand forever. Its properties (laws of physics, fundamental constants) allow

More information

The Universe. But first, let s talk about light! 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Universe. But first, let s talk about light! 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. The Universe But first, let s talk about light! Light is fast! The study of light All forms of radiation travel at 300,000,000 meters (186,000 miles) per second Since objects in space are so far away,

More information

There are three basic types of galaxies:

There are three basic types of galaxies: Galaxies There are three basic types of galaxies: Spirals Ellipticals Irregulars To make a long story short, elliptical galaxies are galaxies that have used up all their gas forming stars, or they have

More information

ANSWER KEY. Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe. Telescopes Guided Reading and Study. Characteristics of Stars Guided Reading and Study

ANSWER KEY. Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe. Telescopes Guided Reading and Study. Characteristics of Stars Guided Reading and Study Stars, Galaxies, a the Universe Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe Telescopes Use Target Reading Skills Check student definitions for accuracy. 1. Electromagneticradiationisenergythatcan travel through

More information

Lecture 14: Other Galaxies A2020 Prof. Tom Megeath. The Milky Way in the Infrared 3/17/10. NGC 7331: the Milky Way s Twins. Spiral Galaxy bulge halo

Lecture 14: Other Galaxies A2020 Prof. Tom Megeath. The Milky Way in the Infrared 3/17/10. NGC 7331: the Milky Way s Twins. Spiral Galaxy bulge halo Lecture 14: Other Galaxies A2020 Prof. Tom Megeath Our Galaxy: Side View We see our galaxy edge-on Primary features: Disk: young and old stars where we live. Bulge: older stars Halo: oldest stars, globular

More information

Question 1. Question 2. Correct. Chapter 16 Homework. Part A

Question 1. Question 2. Correct. Chapter 16 Homework. Part A Chapter 16 Homework Due: 11:59pm on Thursday, November 17, 2016 To understand how points are awarded, read the Grading Policy for this assignment. Question 1 Following are a number of distinguishing characteristics

More information

24.1 Hubble s Galaxy Classification

24.1 Hubble s Galaxy Classification Chapter 24 Galaxies Units of Chapter 24 24.1 Hubble s Galaxy Classification 24.2 The Distribution of Galaxies in Space 24.3 Hubble s Law 24.4 XXActive Galactic Nuclei XXRelativistic Redshifts and Look-Back

More information

Big Bang Theory How the Universe was Formed

Big Bang Theory How the Universe was Formed Big Bang Theory How the Universe was Formed Objectives Explain the Big Bang Theory. Give evidence to support the Big Bang Theory. Dispel misconceptions about the Big Bang Theory. Explain problems with

More information