PHIL 3101: Advanced Logic (3 credits)

Transcription

1 Date prepared: 1/30/13 Syllabus The University f New Orleans Dept. f Philsphy PHIL 3101: Advanced Lgic (3 credits) SECTION 001: LA 370, Tue/Thur, 9:30-10:45 p.m. Cntact Infrmatin Instructr: Dr. Rbert Stufflebeam Office: UNO: LA 385 Office Hurs: M-T-W-Th, 12:30 2:00 (and by appintment) Office / Mbile: see Mdle rstuffle@un.edu (add 'PHIL 3101' t subject line) Curse Webpages: Mdle lgin page Required Texts [1] Stufflebeam, R. (frthcming). Des this fllw frm that? An intrductin t deductin. [2] Nagel, E., J. Newman, and D. Hfstadter (2001). Gdel's Prf. New Yrk: NYU Press. ISBN Curse Descriptin CATALOG DESCRIPTION: A study f the semantics f frmal languages, including prfs f the cnsistency and cmpleteness f the prpsitinal and first-rder predicate lgics. The curse may als include discussin f such nn-standard lgics as multi-valued, mdal, and dentic. COURSE OVERVIEW: Lgic is the study f the principles and methds used t distinguish gd reasning frm bad reasning. Arguments are the main medium thrugh which we reasn. When English is the language used t study arguments and such expressed in English, the lgic is infrmal. When a symblic r frmal language is used t study arguments expressed in English (r the frms f such arguments), the lgic is frmal. Thrugh the study f sentential lgic (S-lgic) and then predicate lgic (P-lgic), the main aim f this curse is t explre the nature and limits f frmal systems. Tward this end, we shall als explre certain metalgical cncepts dealing with the fundatins f mathematics and frmal cmputatin, including: prfs, cnsistency, cmpleteness, Gödel's prf, functins, and cmputatin.

2 PHIL 3101 (SPRING 2013), p. 2 Upn successfully cmpleting this curse, students will be able t d the fllwing: Student Learning Outcmes t understand the nature f lgic and frmal systems t understand and t apply the principles f gd deductive reasning (bth in English and symblically) t understand the fllwing distinctins: bject language vs. metalanguage infrmal lgic vs. frmal lgic deductive lgic vs. inductive lgic sentences vs. statements statements vs. statement frms arguments vs. argument frms cgency vs. validity assumptins vs. presumptins t knw the different types f statements (atmic and cmpund), their anatmy, and the cnditins accrding t which any given statement is true r false t recgnize arguments expressed in prse and t recnstruct them in standard frm t understand the RIFUT Rule and all f the fallacies assciated with vilating it t evaluate the cgency f an argument fully t determine whether a claim fllws frm its evidence (i.e., whether an argument is valid) using truth-tables and prfs t translate statements frm English int the frmal languages f S-lgic and P-lgic (and vice versa) t demnstrate whether a statement is lgically true, lgically false, r cntingent t knw the lgical relatins amng statements (e.g., validity, invalidity, cnsistency, etc.) t knw the rules f natural deductin and t be able t use them bth symblically and in English t read, t understand, and t cnstruct frmal prfs, hybrid prfs, and infrmal prfs t prve that a statement (r statement frm) is a therem t cnstruct cgent arguments and prfs in English t understand Gdel's Prfs regarding cmpleteness and cnsistency t understand the nature f functins t understand the relatin between frmal lgic and symblic (digital) cmputatin

3 PHIL 3101 (SPRING 2013), p. 3 Requirement Quizzes (15%) 15 pints Exam 1 (20%) 20 pints Exam 2 (20%) 20 pints Exam 3 (20%) 20 pints Prtfli (25%) 25 pints A B C D F Final grade pints pints pints pints pints QUIZZES: There will be a series f quizzes given ver the semester. Mst quizzes will be at the beginning f class. There will be n make up quizzes. The quizzes are wrth 15% f yur final grade. Curse Requirements EXAMS: There will be 3 in class exams. Each exam is cmpsed f cnceptual questins as well as skills questins crrespnding t the exercises fr that prtin f the curse. The exams are wrth 60% f yur final grade. PORTFOLIO: Thrugh several argument cnstructin, argument evaluatin, and ther reasning prtfli assignments, yu are required t apply the deductive reasning skills yu have learned by cmpleting the exercises. Generally, there is ne assignment per chapter. It will be due a week after it is assigned. Yu must turn in yur assignments n time (since sme assignments require applying "new" skills t yur "ld" assignments). I'll supply sme templates (Wrd.dcx files) t make things easier. Prtfli assignments are wrth 25% f yur final grade. EXTRA CREDIT: 10 pints extra credit is available by cmpleting a fallacy recgnitin / evaluatin assignment. Each submissin is wrth 1 percentage pint. Extra credit must be cmpleted and submitted in accrdance with the guidelines that are n Mdle. NOTE: It is university plicy t prvide, n a flexible and individualized basis, reasnable accmmdatins t students wh have disabilities that may affect their ability t participate in curse activities r t meet curse requirements. Students with disabilities are encuraged t cntact their instructrs t discuss their individual needs fr accmmdatins. If yu have any questins, cntact the Office f Disability Services at UC 260, (vice).

4 PHIL 3101 (SPRING 2013), p. 4 What fllws are my class plicies. If fr any reasn yu are unable t abide by these plicies, yu shuld withdraw frm my curse. Curse Plicies ACADEMIC DISHONESTY: ATTENDANCE: AUDITS: COMPUTERS/PADS: INCOMPLETES: Academic hnesty is fundamental t the prcess f learning and t evaluating academic perfrmance. Academic dishnesty includes the fllwing: cheating (e.g., cllabrating while taking an exam), plagiarizing, tampering with academic recrds r exams, falsifying identity, and being an accessry t acts f academic dishnesty. I HAVE ZERO TOLERANCE FOR ACADEMIC DISHONESTY! If I find yu guilty f cheating n an exam r plagiarizing yur essay, nt nly will yu receive a 0 n the assignment, I shall aggressively pursue bth yur receiving an verall F AND a permanent blemish n yur recrd. Refer t the UNO Judicial Cde fr further. Yur attendance is required. Classes begin n time. D NOT strll in late. And if yu knw that yu must leave class early, let me knw. Whether an audit is successful will depend nly n yur class participatin perfrmance. If yu use a cmputer r pad with which t take ntes, that s fine. But yu may NOT check , Facebk, etc. during class. Incmpletes are STRONGLY discuraged. Shuld yu need t take an incmplete, arrangements must be made with me well befre the last class meeting. CLASSROOM CONDUCT/ Feel free t say anything t me r t yur peers, but tailr yur remarks s SEXUAL HARASSMENT: as nt t be uncivil, abusive, r inapprpriate. I will nt tlerate ANY abusive behavir in the ne minute argument discussins, s d nt engage in any persnal attacks r name calling. (See my 'warning' belw.) LATE-STARTS: LATE WORK: MAKE-UPS: PHONES: WITHDRAWALS: There are n special dispensatins fr late-start students. Prtfli assignments: The prtfli assignment guidelines identify the dates n which yur assignments are due. Assignments are always due at the beginning f class. Generally, if turned in during r after class but n mre than ne week late, the assignment will be penalized ne letter grade. If turned in after that class but n mre that tw weeks late, it will be penalized tw letter grades. And s n. Failing t cmplete assignments by the time I turn in grades will result in yur receiving a '0' fr thse assignments, nt an incmplete. There will be n make-up quizzes. If yu miss an exam, it is YOUR respnsibility t tell me prmptly (via phne, , r in persn) what extreme circumstances prevented yur presence in class. Failing t d s will result in yur receiving a 0 n the exam. Regardless f the reasn fr the make-up, if I give ne, it will be harder than the riginal. Make-up exams are bad, bad things. Dn't be tempted by them. Distracting interruptins are incnsiderate, disrespectful, and time-wasting. Phnes shuld be turned ff befre class begins. D NOT text during class. Yu may withdraw frm this curse fr any reasn. Withdrawal is strictly up t yu and nne f my business. Lk in the curse listings fr the last day t withdraw withut a penalty a 'W' appearing n yur transcript. WARNING! Ding lgic requires a willingness t think critically. Critical thinking des nt cnsist in merely making claims. Rather, it requires ffering reasns/evidence in supprt f yur claims. It als requires yur willingness t entertain criticism frm thers wh d nt share yur assumptins. Yu will be required t d lgic in this class. Ding lgic can be hazardus t yur cherished beliefs. Cnsequently, if yu are unwilling t participate, t subject yur views t critical analysis, t explre issues that cannt be reslved empirically, r t use cmputers, then my curse is nt fr yu.

5 PHIL 3101 Game Plan (subject t revisin) PHIL 3101 (SPRING 2013), p. 5 DATE TOPIC READ PA (1) T Jan. 15 (2) Th Jan. 17 (3) T Jan. 22 (4) Th Jan. 24 (5) T Jan. 29 (6) Th Jan. 31 (7) T Feb. 05 (8) Th Feb. 07 T Feb. 12 (9) Th Feb. 14 (10) T Feb. 19 Exam 1 (11) Th Feb. 21 (12) T Feb. 26 (13) Th Feb. 28 (14) T Mar. 05 (15) Th Mar. 07 Intrductin t lgic gd reasning matters the nature f lgic and types f lgic the nature f arguments deductive arguments vs. inductive arguments the prblem f inductin an bject language vs. a metalanguage the use-mentin distinctin INFORMAL LOGIC & SENTENTIAL LOGIC (S-lgic) Statements and statement frms functins f language sentences vs. statements types f statements truth, functins, and truth functins S-lgic alphabet: cnstants, variables, cnnectives, gruping indicatrs statement frms and substitutin instance negatins, cnjunctins, disjunctins, cnditinals, and bicnditinals Recgnizing arguments premise = assumptin = evidence cnclusin = inference = deductin = claim evidence + claim = argument indicatrs useful generalizatins writing arguments in standard frm Evaluating arguments infrmally deductin vs. inductin revisited Are all valid arguments gd arguments? cgency vs. validity The RIFUT Rule (the evidence must be Relevant t the claim, Independent f the claim, Free f dubius assumptins, Unambiguus, and True) fallacies f relevance, independence, presumptin, and ambiguity Truth-table methds lgical equivalence lgical prperties f statements (tautlgies, cntradictins, and cntingent statements) anatmy f truth-tables evaluating lgical prperties f statements (tautlgies, cntradictins, and cntingent statements) evaluating validity: "lng" truth-table methd evaluating validity: "shrt" truth-table methd Prf methd the nature f prfs natural deductin rules f inference rules f replacement Ch. 1 PA 1 Ch. 2 PA 2 Ch. 7 PA 7 Ch. 3 Ch. 4 PA 4 Ch. 8 PA 8 Ch. 9 (16) T Mar. 12 (17) Th Mar. 14 (18) T Mar. 19 cnditinal prf rule indirect prf rule Ch. 10 PA 10 (19) Th Mar. 21 Exam 2

6 PHIL 3101 (SPRING 2013), p. 6 T Mar. 15 Th Mar. 17 (20) T Apr. 02 (21) Th Apr. 04 (22) T Apr. 09 (23) Th Apr. 11 PREDICATE LOGIC (P-lgic) The alphabet and grammer f P-lgic P-lgic alphabet singular atmic wffs simple identity wffs truth-functinal cmpund wffs withut quantificatins Quantificatins general wffs truth-functinal cmpund wffs with quantificatins cmplex identity relatins Ch. 11 PA 11 Ch. 12 PA 12 (24) T Apr. 16 (25) Th Apr. 18 Prf methd new rules f inference new rules f replacement Ch. 13 PA 13 (26) T Apr. 23 (27) Th Apr. 25 (28) T Apr. 30 (29) Th May 02 hybrid prfs infrmal prfs prving yur claims METALOGIC cnsistency cmpleteness Gdel functins W May 08 10:00-12:00 - Exam 3; PA Final & EC due Ch. 14 PA 14 Gdel's Prf PA Final