Types of volcanoes. Christoph Breitkreuz, TU Bergakademie Freiberg
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1 Types of volcanoes Christoph Breitkreuz, TU Bergakademie Freiberg
2 Monogenetic and complex volcanoes Fig. 3.1 Types of volcan landforms. Vertical exaggeration to 1 (polygenetic) and 4 to (monogenetic). Relative sizes a only approximate (From Ort 1996, after Simkin et al., 1981).
3 Scoria cones: most abundant volcanic land form - high viscosity, basaltic (high microlith content!) Stromboli 2001
4 Typical eruption styles: - strombolian fallout - minor phreatomagmatic fallout and surge - small lava flows Mt. Tarawera, New Zealand
5 Schmincke 1988
6 4 km Typical horse shoe shape due to erosion by lava
7 Maar tuff ring tuff cone: typical land forms of phreatomagmatic eruptions of SiO 2 -poor magma
8 Ukinrek maar (formed 1977; Lorenz)
9 Malha Maar, Meidob Hills, NW Sudan
10 Lorenz 2004
11 Phreatic tuff breccia, Neogene, Eifel, W Germany
12 Southern Slovakia: Neogene Diatreme Field
13 Bedded diatreme facies
14
15 Unbedded diatreme facies
16
17 Iceland 1995
18
19 Rootless phreatic land forms Litoral cones, Myvatn, Iceland
20 Rootless phreatic craters in 1980 tuff deposit Mt. St. Helens volcanic ring plain
21 SiO 2 -rich Lava flows and domes
22 Mt. St. Helens, More about this in the next lecture
23 hield volcanoes: low-viscosity basaltic magma longlasting magma production at one place Complex volcanoes Olympus Mons, Mars
24 Isabela, Galapagos
25
26 SW Tenerife: cross section through a Cenozoic shield volcano: Lava pile cross cut by numerous dykes
27 SW Tenerife: cross section through a Cenozoic shield volcano: Two overlapping scoria cones preserved
28 Importance of volcanotopographic hiati: Spacially differentiated! SiO 2 -rich lava flows and lava domes D project Marion Geißler
29 Mg-andesite shield volcano complex in Brandenburg PhD project Marion Geißl illing Oranienburg (Ob) 1/68 Time Fig.1: Schematic modell of pth Profile Lithology flat landscape, covered by playa sediments m] CS * (this project) volcano-sedimentary evolu sediments of a playa-environment, with anhydritic blasts sandstones and mostly andesitic conglomerates andesite lava flows, mostly vesicular; with interbedded "block-lava", breccias and few paleo-soils SW C SW E Ob 1/68 developement of paleosoils at the top of andesite lava flows coarse grained clastics of the Parchim Fm. sandflat, mudflat and playa lake deposits E Gür 3/76 E Am 1/68? lake and fan deposits of the Grüneberg Fm. Mg-andesite shield volcanoes create a high topography aktive extrusive and intrusive volcanism, andesitic and rhyolithic (e.g. in well Tuchen 1/74) x x x x NE x NE U.Rotlieg. L.Rotlieg. of the area NE of Be (from the well Ob 1/68 in SW through Grüneberg (Gür) to Am 1/68 in the NE) Drilling Angermünde (Am) 1/68 Depth [m] 4000 CS* Lava Lava Lava Lava Profile (this project) B-Tuff B-Tuff B-Tuff B-Tuff sediments o playa-environm with anhydritic thin conglome horizont and sa andesite lava f mostly vesicu with interbed breccias and paleo-s aktive strike-slip (NW-SE) faulting under slightly extensional (N-S) regime developement of paleosoils? B x x x x x several interme lava flows partly vesicu 00 SW post-variscan flat landscape, covered by tuff and ignimbrite NE conglomerates and?sandstones with rhyodacite (?andesite) fragments and interbedded tuff =?ignimbrite (no cores available) } vitric rhyodacitic tuff conglomerates Carbonif. sediments A conglomerate exclusively with clasts of Carboniferous sediments last rhyodacitic ash fall activities x x x preignimbritic porphyric rhyodacitic lava, lava dome 4750?? ash fall depo rhyodacitic seq of massflow (ignimbrite) and conglomerat Carbonif. sedim
30 Inundation of shield volcano topography by playa sediments during Upper Rotliegend II Katzung 1995
31 Plateau basalts Alias trapp basalt or flood basalt Typically hot spot-related Typically fissure eruptions Iguazú Cascades
32 Stratovolcanoes: - longlasting intermediate to SiO 2 -rich magmatism
33 Mt. Shasta, California
34 Cone facies - volcanic ring plain facies
35 Sector collapse: oversteepening, hydrothermal alteration, incompetent substrate, active faulting, earthquakes, eruption Mt. Egmont, New Zealand
36 Mt. Egmont, debris avalanche deposit
37 Mt. St. Helens
38 ocompa, N Chile ector collapse
39 Main CALDERA types: Mike Branney -piston(sio 2 -rich and poor!) - trap door - piece meal - resurgent - non-resurgent Fig. 3.4 General calde cycle (after Lipma 1984). Stage 1 precaldera volcani develops clusters of sm intermediate stratovolcanoes, Stage 2 eruption of zoned magm chamber develops calde Ash flow tuffs interfing with caldera collap breccia whereas a th outflow sheet exten outward from the calde Stage 3 postcalde deposition of volcan and sediment a resurgent doming (Fro Orton 1996).
40 Crater Lake, Oregon Non-resurgent caldera
41 erro Galan W Argentina Resurgent calderas Valles Caldera, Jemez Mtns, New Mexico
42
43 Piece meal Caldera Ordovician Lake district, W England Fig. 3.5 Evolution of Scafell Caldera, English Lake District (after Branney & Kokelaar, 1994). The caldera developed atop basaltic to andesitic lavas (e.g. Lingcove Fm.) that formed a composite low-profile shield-like volcano. Schematic section from the Langdale area shows relative thickness of facies from the various stages. These are: A emplacement of Whorneyside ignimbrite and initial subsidence; B inundation of vent leads to phreatoplinian eruptions of Whorneyside bedded tuff; C onset of widespread piecemeal subsidence and eruption of Long Top Tuffs; D continued subsidence and deformation of hot ignimbrites; E eruption of high-grade ignimbrites of Crinkle Crags tuffs; F development of a caldera lake, with subaqueous volcaniclastic sediments and tuffs, and intrusion of rhyolite domes (From Orton 1996).
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