LECTURE #11: Volcanic Disasters: Lava Properties & Eruption Types
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1 GEOL 0820 Ramsey Natural Disasters Spring, 2018 LECTURE #11: Volcanic Disasters: Lava Properties & Eruption Types Date: 13 February 2018 I. Exam I grades are posted on the class website (link at the bottom of the page) o high: 104 o low: 28 o average: 75 o did not take: 4 details: o first time someone got all 52 answers right! o same average as last year, but the median was higher o if you have questions or want to go over your exam, please contact me or come to my office hours II. Volcano Introduction why study volcanoes? o two main reasons: hazard mitigation 500 million people living in harm s way of volcanic activity more than 70,000 deaths from primary geologic process throughout Earth s history along with impact cratering what is a volcano? o manifestation at the surface by way of the release of a solid/liquid/gas due to internal heat processes of a planet two prerequisites needed for volcanic activity: o something to melt o source of heat o important to realize that not all volcanoes are like Hawaii!! average global production of lava: o 2 km 3 per year (land) o 20 km 3 per year (ocean floor) o many types and styles water/steam eruptions (hot springs and geysers) carbonate magmas (Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano, Africa) explosive volcanoes (Pinatubo volcano, Philippines) Page 1/5
2 sources of heat? o thermal energy being dissipated in the form of heat loss (convection, conduction, radiation) o example: the latent heat of fusion heat required to melt one kg of material to its melting point basalt: 1.96 x10 6 Joules (J) the total world energy production in 1998 was 4.0 x J that could only melt about 2.1x10 14 kg of basalt what Kilauea Volcano produces on average in just 5 hours! or in 2005 energy units III. Physical Properties of lava Extrusive Intrusive Color SiO2% Temp ( C) o Basalt Gabbro < o Andesite Diorite o Dacite Granodiorite o Rhyolite Granite > Volatile effects on a melt o most common volatiles: H2O, CO2, SO2, CO, H2S... o in general, all volatile species are lumped into one percent value for the melt at high pressure/temperature, volatiles are in solution (no bubbles), hence lower viscosity just like the CO2 in a can of Coke when the can is opened, the bubbles form volatile % can be as high as 20% at these high pressures however, volatiles have low molecular weights and therefore can be a substantial volume of the melt Viscosity (η) o internal resistance to flow (strain) by a substance when subjected to shearing (stress) o i.e., the sluggishness of a fluid o dependence on other factors in the material o what external factors would affect the viscosity of a lava?? temperature, phenocryst/bubble content, volatile content, SiO2, pressure external factors: silica content (SiO2) increase in SiO2 increase in viscosity Page 2/5
3 Si:O η (Pa*s) rock type 1: basalt 1:3 2.8 andesite 1:4 1 x 10 9 (1 billion) rhyolite olive oil = 0.08 / water = external factors: Temperature (T) increase in T decrease in crystallization, # atomic bonds and viscosity IV. Lava Types/Composition basaltic composition o dark igneous rock characterized by small (<1 mm) grains with equal proportions of plagioclase feldspar and Ca-rich pyroxene SiO2 from 45 to 55% Na2O + K2O from 2-8% o produced by partial melting of upper mantle material o in general, same as the bulk composition of the terrestrial planets o forms shield-shaped volcanoes Page 3/5
4 andesitic composition o lava production at subduction zones dominated by fluids into the overlying mantle melting occurs if the H2O lowers the melting point of the bulk composition or if the bulk composition is brought to higher depths via convection o hydrous (wet) magma results at 90 km depth (mantle) 20 wt.% H2O is soluble! very wet andesites are ~ 3 wt.% H2O average basalts are < 0.1 wt.% H2O forms composite (or cone-shaped) volcanoes rhyolitic composition o very high SiO2 content (>70%) very high H2O content (>5%) results in high viscosity ( sticky ) wet magma very explosive if water turns into bubbles very thick flows if water escapes before V. Eruption Types Hawaiian o some explosive activity, mostly effusive o low eruption columns (fire fountains) o forms spatter and cinder cones o typically basalt example: various Hawaiian eruptions Strombolian o low columns, more energetic than Hawaiian o forms cones and sheets o basalt or andesite example: Hekla (Iceland), 1970 Page 4/5
5 Pelean o collapse of a lava dome o columns rare o pyroclastic flows example: Mt. Pelee (Martinique), Surtseyan o violent explosions as magma contacts seawater or groundwater o low, steam-enriched columns o forms tuff cone or tuff ring o highly fragmented ash example: Surtsey (Iceland), 1965 Plinian o high columns (can be into stratosphere) o powerful, sustained eruptions o typically silicic compositions (dacite, rhyolite) o large pyroclastic sheets example: Vesuvius (Italy), A.D. 79 & Pompeii Ultra-Plinian: o extreme ash column (>45 km) o caldera-forming o only one per several 1000 years example: Yellowstone Caldera, WY (70,000 years ago) Page 5/5
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