Volcaniclastic rocks
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1 Volcaniclastic rocks - Session 08 - Pyroclastic surges Dr. Ioan Seghedi
2 Types of surges Base surge Ground surge Ash cloud surge
3 The anatomy of a surge Eruption of Capelinhos, Azores (1957) -- The phreatomagmatic (Surtseyan) eruption of Capelinhos occurred on the western extremity of Fayal Island in the Azores. The eruption generated a new island that coalesced with the mainland, thus adding an additional square mile to Fayal Island. The photo here captures a magnificent example of a base surge (diameter 270 m) due to column collapse of the eruptive column. (R. V. Fisher)
4 nuketesting.enviroweb.org/ nukeffct The discovery of surges Note the radial cloud emanating from the base of the eruptive column. This phenomenon is a base surge, a characteristic feature of many Surtseyan-type eruptions. These surges are analogous to the ringshaped, ground-hugging clouds that travel radially away from the vertical columns generated by nuclear explosions. Base surges are derived from the gravitational collapse of the "wet" eruptive column, which is denser than those associated with "dry" eruptions. The name "base surge" was originally applied to a surge which developed during the 1947 underwater nuclear test at Bikini Atoll and was recognized in eruptions of the Taal volcano, Philippines in 1965.
5 Geometry of surge deposits Fallout Flow Surge
6 Geometry of surge deposits Semi-tabular surge deposit in Orapa diatreme fill.
7 Sorting of surge deposits FLOW SURGE FALL Median Fisher & Schmincke, 1984)
8 Sorting in handspecimen Notice shape and angularity of lapilli to the left Reduction spot Rhyolitic base surge deposits (Permian Saar- Nahe Basin/Germany)
9 Maximum fragment sizes Nanwaksjiak maar, Alaska max diameter of blocks: 3.3 m eruptive fluid had surface velocity of 500 m/s Hole-in-the-ground, Oregon max diameter: 8 m m/s ejection velocities of the largest blocks Contours of maximum fragment sizes (in m). Hole-in-the-ground, Oregon, USA (Lorenz, 1971).
10 Crater size vs spread of base surge deposits Deposit Crater rim Max. distance from diameter (km) crater rim (km) Coronado Mesa, Arizona 0,5 1,1 Peridot Mesa, Arizona 0,55 1,25 Ubehebe Crater, Calif. 0,8 0,82 Sugarloaf Mtn., Arizona 1,0 1,2 Elegante Crater, Mexico 1,6 >1,1 Bishop Tuff, California 16x29 >15
11 Waning flow The upper flow regime Press & Siever (1995)
12 Chute & pool Internal bedding of a chute and pool structure, Laacher See (Eifel, Germany). Fisher & Schmincke (1984)
13 Chute & pool Chute and pool structure in a trachytic surge deposit (Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania).
14 Bedding structures Flow regime and bedforms in base surge deposits: (A) Lower flow regime ripple drift dunes, (B) same with backset laminations, (C) Upper regime antidunes, (D) Upper regime chute and pool. Fisher & Schmincke, 1984)
15 Antidunes, Laacher See-tuff Base-surge tuffs of the Laacher-See eruption. Arrow indicates polarity of flow.
16 Low angle cross beds Base surge Fallout Fallout Base surge Wingertsberg, Eifel/Germany: Low angle cross beds in well sorted base surge tuffs
17 Low angle cross beds Wingertsberg, Eifel/Germany: Erosional base of surge deposit with red arrow marking antidune structure Low angle cross bedding in moderately sorted base surge tuffs
18 Plane beds Plane and low angle cross bedded beds in a trachytic surge deposit (Olduvai, Tanzania).
19 Bedding hierarchy Terms for cross beds produced by pyroclastic surges. Sets may be divided into subsets. Internal laminae may be tangential, parallel or at angles to set boundaries. Individual sets may be tabular, wedge-shaped, dune-shaped etc. as are individual laminae. Fisher & Schmincke, 1984)
20 U-shaped channel erosion due to turbulent cells at advancing base surge fronts U-shaped channels
21 Special features Accretionary lapilli (USGS) Basal sheared vesiculated tuff, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
22 Surge deposits: Summary of characteristics Deposits are wedge-shaped parallel to flow, with their thickest end near the vent. Surge deposits are less widespread and thinner than pyroclastic flow deposits Deposits thicken and thin depending on the pre-eruptive morphology but are not purely restricted to valleys. Deposits are matrix-supported and moderately sorted Upper flow regime bedding features are common Deposits may include accretionary lapilli, vesiculated tuffs Features of wet deposition may be developed (soft sediment deformation structures, animal tracks, blastering of ash against trees). Juvenile particles are usually compact to poorly vesicular and vitrics may develop jigsaw cracks indicating rapid chilling.
23 Practical 06 Determine the transport directions of the structures recorded in base surges: Fisher & Schmincke, 1984)
24 Practical 06 - Solutions Chute- and-pool structures in phonolitic base surge deposits, flow from left to right. Ballistically emplaced xenolith (transport from left to right) in thinly bedded base surge deposits Dune-like structure, Ubehebe Crater, showing build-up and migration from nearly flat beds. Flow from left to right. Fisher & Schmincke, 1984)
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