Pyroclastic Flows. Lesson 6
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1 Pyroclastic Flows Lesson 6 P yroclastic flows are one of the most dangerous natural events that occur on our planet. They can at hurricane speeds down the slopes of a mountain, destroying everything in their path. They typically travel at speeds up to eighty kilometers per hour. The temperature of the rock material in the flows is between 200 C and 700 C. Pyroclastic flows are produced in three ways: an eruption column collapse, a lava dome collapse and an eruption of magma. During a Plinian eruption, heavier particles in the bottom part of an eruption column fall back toward the vent. The eruption column collapse causes the falling materials to avalanche down the side of the mountain. A collapsing lava dome will also trigger pyroclastic flows as the pressure from the dome is relieved similar to the uncorking of a champagne bottle. Other times the magma moving upward during an eruption begins to froth causing the magma to boil out of the volcano top, similar to a pot of soup boiling over. Pyroclastic flows carry tons of superheated materials down the slope of a volcano in large eruptions flattening entire forests and destroying manmade structures in their path. They carry ash, lapilli, and lava bombs inside their turbulent clouds which are almost silent. The only sounds are produced by the collision of material within the cloud. P. W. Lipman USGS Pyroclastic flow that stretches from the crater to the valley floor on Mount St. Helens. Seventeen separate pyroclastic flows occurred on the mountain during the May 18, 1980 eruption. Pyroclastic flows created by large eruptions can travel over 100 km from their source. A pyroclastic flow will develop a more diluted flow of highly turbulent gases and ash at the top of the flow. This upper flow is called an ash-cloud surge and moves even faster than the heavier fragments at the bottom of the flow. The superheated ash and gases move in front of the denser material as lobes of an ash-cloud surge will billow out in front of the flow. Leading lobes of the flow will then be overtaken and surpassed as other lobes surges forward. Ash-cloud surges are more mobile than the denser pyroclastic flow and can move over ridges instead of following stream valleys down the mountain.
2 Scientists use a variety of terms to describe pyroclastic flows and materials produced by them. Below is a partial list of terms used by scientists in their research of pyroclastic flows. Ash flow (ash cloud) A pyroclastic flow consisting primarily of ash-sized particles that can travel great distances at high speeds from an erupting vent. Block-and-ash flow A pyroclastic flow consisting of ash and large lava fragments with few gas bubbles that are commonly triggered by the disruption or collapse of a dome while still hot. Base surge A turbulent, low-density flow of rock debris and water and (or) steam that moves at high speeds. It can also be a ground-hugging, expanding ring of gas and debris at the base of an explosion column. Ignimbrite Volcanic rock formed by the eruption of large-volume ash flows or dense clouds of incandescent rock fragments that are erupted at extremely high temperatures. The rock particles from the ash flows settle and congeal as they fuse together. Lateral blast A hot, low-density mixture of rock debris, ash, and gases generated by an explosion that moves at high speeds along the ground surface. Nuée Ardente (glowing cloud) A fast-moving, dense, glowing cloud of hot volcanic ash and gas. Pumice flow A pyroclastic flow of mainly pumice fragments. Pyroclastic flow A fluidized mass of hot, dry rock fragments mixed with hot gases that move away from a volcano at high speeds. Pyroclastic surge A variety of pyroclastic flow, caused by a base surge. Lava domes on the steep slopes of stratovolcanoes commonly produce pyroclastic flows. The domes increase in size as lava oozes out of a central vent pushing older layers outward as the dome expands like a balloon filling with air. The individual layers of a lava dome are crumbly and become unstable when a dome forms on a steep slope or near the edge of a crater. The solidified rocks in the outer shell of the dome can suddenly break off forming an avalanche of hot rock. The rock temperature can be initially up to 9500 C. The rock material breaks apart rapidly and the entire mass immediately forms a pyroclastic flow, consisting of shattered rock fragments and searing-hot gases. Domes can collapse due to gravity, creating pyroclastic flows when the pressure is relieved beneath the dome like a cork coming out of a champagne bottle. The release of pressure often triggers a violent explosion with broken rock shooting into the air and traveling up to 10 km from the eruption. Pyroclastic flows are then triggered by the explosive release of pent up gases being suddenly released or as superheated ground water suddenly flashes into steam. Domes may collapse several years after the eruptions creating the lava dome has ceased. Unzen Volcano in Japan was the source of numerous pyroclastic flows between 1991 and A lava dome began to form when viscous lava erupted at the summit in May The dome spread over the top of the steep east flank of the volcano. The dome grew over the edge of the steep slope on the east flank of the volcano. Hot lava rocks would break off unpredictably forming pyroclastic flows. Each time the dome collapsed an avalanche of hot lava blocks
3 cascaded down the slope. The avalanche quickly became a fast-moving pyroclastic flow of super hot rock fragments and hot gases. Within seconds, a surge formed at the top of the flow. The surges were filled with smaller, ash-sized fragments of rock and super heated gases that moved in front of the slower moving flow on the bottom. As the flow moved away from the top of the mountain, an eruption column formed from ash and hot gases and created an eruption cloud. The pyroclastic flows would follow the river valleys down the slopes of the volcano while the surges would follow the valleys as well as move over the ridges. The pyroclastic flows traveling up to five kilometers occurred several times each day. Scientists set up monitoring stations to study the flows. A pyroclastic flow overtook and killed three geologists and several newspaper reporters in 1992 as they walked up one of the valleys on Unzen Volcano to take pictures. Crater Rock is a prominent feature on Mount Hood known to thousands of skiers and hikers. Crater Rock stands 100 meters above the sloping crater floor and is visible to visitors at Timberline Lodge, high on the volcano s south flank. Most visitors to the mountain do not know that Crater Rock is a lava dome only two hundred years old. Geologists have found evidence of several previous domes that formed in the same area. Each dome was destroyed as pyroclastic flows swept down the mountain. Scientists have found evidence of hundreds of pyroclastic flows in the area. Some flows traveled more than twelve kilometers from their source. The pyroclastic flows created a smooth sloping surface on the side of the mountain. Today, a ski lodge, ski area, and nearby community of Government Camp are built on the slope. A major highway crossing the Cascade Mountains lies on top of the flow area. Scientists fear dome building eruptions in the future could trigger swift moving pyroclastic flows that could sweep down the mountain wiping out the ski lodge and Government Camp. Lesson summary Pyroclastic flows are one of the deadliest forces in nature. Pyroclastic flows typically travel at speeds up to eighty kilometers per hour and the temperature of the rock material in the flows is between 200 C and 700 C. A collapsing lava dome can trigger pyroclastic flows. An ash-cloud surge moves even faster than a pyroclastic flow. Pyroclastic flows are triggered by the explosive release of pent up gases. Unzen Volcano in Japan was the source of numerous pyroclastic flows between 1991 and 1995.
4 Table of Contents Introduction...1 Lesson 1 What are Volcanoes?...2 Quiz 1 Pretest...5 Looking at Volcanic Rocks...6 Lesson 2 Types of Volcanoes...11 Quiz Volcano Booklet...17 Lesson 3 Types of Eruptions...19 Quiz Circle Eruptions...24 Lesson 4 Calderas...26 Quiz Caldera Eruptions...30 Lesson 5 Volcanic Rocks...32 Quiz Unique Volcanic Rocks...36 Lesson 6 Pyroclastic Flows...39 Quiz Pyroclastic Flow Eruptions...43 Lesson 7 Lahars...46 Quiz Volcano Concentration...50 Lesson 8 Plate Tectonics & Volcanoes...53 Quiz Seafloor Magnetism...57
5 Lesson 9 Earthquakes & Volcanoes...60 Quiz Mapping Events...64 Lesson 10 Ring of Fire...67 Quiz Hot Spot Volcano...71 Lesson 11 Mount Saint Helens...74 Quiz Mount Saint Helens Flip Book...78 Lesson 12 Submarine Volcanoes...81 Quiz Linking Volcanoes...85 Lesson 13 Hawaiian Islands...87 Quiz Fantasy Island...91 Lesson 14 Notorious Volcanoes...94 Quiz Notorious Eruption...98 Lesson 15 Monitoring Volcanoes Quiz Game Time Lesson 16 Volcano Review Quiz 16 Posttest Volcano Mind Map Answer Key Glossary Bibliography...123
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