Directed Reading. Section: Volcanic Eruptions. light in color is called a. felsic. b. oceanic. c. mantle. d. mafic. dark in color is called

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1 Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Volcanic Eruptions 1. Lava provides an opportunity for scientists to study a. the nature of Earth s inner core. b. the nature of Earth s tectonic plates. c. temperatures within Earth. d. the nature of Earth s crust and mantle. 2. By analyzing the composition of volcanic rocks, geologists have concluded that there a. is only one general type of magma. b. are two general types of magma. c. are three general types of magma. d. are two minerals in magma. 3. Magma or igneous rock that is rich in feldspar and silica and is generally light in color is called a. felsic. b. oceanic. c. mantle. d. mafic. 4. Magma or igneous rock that is rich in magnesium and iron and is generally dark in color is called a. felsic. b. oceanic. c. mantle. d. mafic. 5. Mafic rock commonly makes up a. oceanic crust. b. continental crust. c. Earth s inner core. d. tectonic plates. 6. Felsic rock commonly makes up a. oceanic crust. b. continental crust. c. Earth s inner core. d. tectonic plates. Holt Earth Science 13 Volcanoes

2 TYPES OF ERUPTIONS 7. The force of a volcanic eruption is affected by a. magma temperature. b. the distance from the top of the volcano to its base. c. the viscosity of magma. d. the geologic age of the volcano. 8. Mafic magmas, with low viscosity and runny lava, cause a. quiet eruptions. b. explosive eruptions. c. continuous eruptions. d. most volcanic eruptions. 9. Felsic magmas, with high viscosity and sticky lava, cause a. quiet eruptions. b. explosive eruptions. c. continuous eruptions. d. most volcanic eruptions. 10. Explosive eruptions are most likely to be caused by magma with a. small amounts of dissolved gases. b. large amounts of trapped, dissolved gases. c. any amount of dissolved gases. d. small amounts of dissolved rock. 11. Oceanic volcanoes commonly form from a. mafic magma. b. felsic magma. c. mafic or felsic magma. d. solid magma. 12. Eruptions from oceanic volcanoes are usually a. quiet eruptions. b. explosive eruptions. c. continuous eruptions. d. small eruptions. 13. When mafic lava cools rapidly it a. becomes less viscous. b. becomes explosive. c. forms a crust. d. shoots pyroclastic material. Holt Earth Science 14 Volcanoes

3 14. How does pahoehoe form? Why is the word pahoehoe used to describe this kind of volcanic rock? In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase. 15. pahoehoe 16. aa lava 17. blocky lava a. forms jagged, sharp chunks when it cools b. forms a smooth, ropy texture as it cools c. breaks into large chunks at the surface while hot lava continues to flow underneath 18. What is pyroclastic material? Use the terms from the following list to complete the sentences below. Each term may be used only once. volcanic bombs lapilli volcanic ash volcanic blocks volcanic dust 19. Pyroclastic particles less than 2 mm in diameter that mostly fall on the land that immediately surrounds the volcano are called. 20. Pyroclastic particles less than 0.25 mm in diameter that are so small they might travel around Earth in the upper atmosphere are called. 21. Large pyroclastic particles less than 64 mm in diameter that generally fall near the vent are called word meaning little stones., a name taken from a Latin Holt Earth Science 15 Volcanoes

4 22. Large clots of lava thrown out of an erupting volcano while red-hot, that spin through the air, cool, and develop a round or spindle shape are called. 23. The largest pyroclastic particles, which form from solid rock blasted from the volcano s vent, are called. TYPES OF VOLCANOES In the space provided, write the letter of the description that best matches the term or phrase. 24. volcanic cone 25. crater 26. shield volcano 27. cinder cone 28. composite volcano a. a volcanic cone that is broad at the base and has gently sloping sides b. structure formed by lava and pyroclastic material ejected during volcanic eruptions c. volcano with very steep slopes that are rarely more than a few hundred meters high and have angles close to 40 d. volcano made of alternating layers of hardened lava flows and pyroclastic material e. the funnel-shaped pit at the top of a volcanic vent CALDERAS 29. What is a caldera? 30. What are the three steps that most often occur in the formation of a caldera? 31. How did the caldera on the volcanic island of Krakatau form? Holt Earth Science 16 Volcanoes

5 32. How was Crater Lake in Oregon formed? PREDICTING VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS 33. One of the most important warning signals of volcanic eruptions is a. a change in earthquake activity around the volcano. b. a change in air pressure around the volcano. c. a change in animal behavior around the volcano. d. increased steepness of the volcanic cone. 34. What are three causes of small earthquakes that could signal a volcanic eruption? 35. What happens before an eruption that may cause the surface of the volcano to bulge outward? 36. What are three comparisons scientists make between a volcano s past behavior and its current behavior in order to help predict an eruption? 37. What are two problems scientists face in using a volcano s past behavior to predict a future eruption? Holt Earth Science 17 Volcanoes

6 ANSWER KEY Directed Reading SECTION: VOLCANOES AND PLATE TECTONICS 1. D 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. A 8. C 9. A 10. B 11. C 12. C 13. B 14. C 15. A 16. D 17. C 18. D 19. B 20. B 21. C 22. A 23. B 24. B 25. A 26. B 27. B 28. C 29. A 30. D 31. Answers may vary. Sample answer: As plates pull apart, magma flows upward, adding material to the mid-ocean ridge and creating new lithosphere. The magma erupts to form underwater volcanoes. 32. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Most volcanic eruptions along midocean ridges occur deep in the ocean, and cannot be seen by humans. 33. Iceland is divided by the North American plate and the Eurasian plate. One half of Iceland is moving east, and the other half is moving west. Magma flows to Earth s surface through large fissures in the middle of Iceland Answers may vary. Sample answer: When the lithospheric plate above the mantle plume begins to drift, the volcano on the surface drifts too, and the volcano is carried away from the mantle plume. The activity of the old volcano stops, and a new volcano forms over the mantle plume. 39. Hot spots may form along chains of cracks in Earth s crust. 40. A 41. C 42. B 43. D SECTION: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS 1. D 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. A 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. B 11. A 12. A 13. C 14. When lava continues to flow after a crust forms, the crust wrinkles to form pahoehoe. Pahoehoe forms a smooth, ropy texture as it cools. The Hawaiian word pahoehoe means ropy. 15. B 16. A 17. C 18. Pyroclastic material consists of fragments of rock that form during a volcanic eruption. 19. volcanic ash 20. volcanic dust 21. lapilli 22. volcanic bombs 23. volcanic blocks 24. B 25. E 26. A 27. C 28. D 29. A caldera is a large, circular depression that forms when the magma chamber below a volcano partially Holt Earth Science 45 Volcanoes

7 ANSWER KEY empties and causes the ground above to sink. 30. a cone forms from volcanic eruptions; volcanic eruptions partially empty the magma chamber; the top of the cone collapses inward to form a caldera 31. The 6 km diameter caldera on the island of Krakatau formed when a large amount of magma discharged and exploded the volcanic cone. 32. Thousands of years ago, the cone of Mount Mazama in Oregon collapsed and formed a caldera that eventually filled with water. 33. A 34. growing pressure on surrounding rocks from magma moving upward; temperature changes within the rock; fracturing of the rock around a volcano 35. Magma moving upward beneath the surface may cause the surface of the volcano to bulge outward. 36. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Scientists compare previous earthquake activity, surface bulges, and composition of emitted gases with current behavior. 37. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Scientists have studied only a few active volcanoes long enough to establish activity patterns. Volcanoes that have been dormant for a long time may suddenly become active. Math Skills USING EXPONENTS TO EXPRESS SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENTS 1. Answer: Answer: Answer: 2,401 m Graphing Skills 1. Prior to the eruption, the average global temperature varied less than 0.3 C above or below average. 2. The lowest temperatures were recorded just before mid The lowest global temperatures were 0.5 C below the normal global average. This was in mid-1992, about one year after the eruptions. 4. The global temperatures slowly equalized close to their norm. One might conclude that the atmosphere has the ability to recover from a disaster of limited scope. 5. Students must label their graphs and identify both the x and y axes. Individual graphs will depend on the recorded temperatures for the week. 6. Answers may vary. 7. Answers may vary. Students should be able to draw a conclusion about the general rise or fall in temperature over the course of the week. Section Quizzes SECTION: VOLCANOES AND PLATE TECTONICS 1. D 6. D 2. E 7. C 3. C 8. B 4. B 9. A 5. A 10. D SECTION: VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS 1. E 6. A 2. C 7. B 3. A 8. D 4. D 9. D 5. B 10. A Chapter Test A 1. E 2. F 3. C 4. G 5. J 6. D 7. B 8. I 9. A Holt Earth Science 46 Volcanoes

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