Volcano: a weak spot in the crust where molten material or magma comes to the surface
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1 Chapter 7
2 Volcano: a weak spot in the crust where molten material or magma comes to the surface
3 Magma: a molten mixture of rock forming substances, gases and H 2 O from the mantle
4 Volcanic Belts: Form along the Earth s plate boundaries The boundaries Converge or Diverge
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6 Divergent Boundary: Plates move apart Ex: Sea Floor Spreading Rift Valley Lava pours out and volcano formed
7 Convergent Boundary: plates collide Subduction at trenches
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9 The Crust breaks and magma can reach the surface The denser plate is subducting and melts to form magma The magma rises and breaks through the crust to form volcanoes
10 Ring of Fire: major volcanic belt Formed by many volcanoes that rim the Pacific Ocean
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12 Island Arc: string of islands created by volcanoes Follow the curve of the Trench Examples Japan New Zealand Aleutian Islands Caribbean Islands
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14 Hot Spots: An area where deep inside the mantle material rises and melts to form magma Volcanoes form above a hotspot when magma erupts through the crust and reaches the surface.
15 Hot spots are Found Near plate boundaries In the middle of plates Under the continents Ex: old faithful in Yellowstone national park
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17 General Properties Element: substance that cannot be broken down into another substance
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19 Compound: substance made of 2 or more elements
20 Physical Property: any characteristic of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the substance Examples: Hardness and melting point
21 Chemical Property: any property that produces a change in the chemical composition of the matter. Examples: Ability to burn
22 Viscosity: the resistance of a liquid to flow
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24 Depends on the silica content More silica: Higher viscosity When lava cools it form rock rhyolite which is like granite Less Silica: Lower viscosity Flows fast, lava cools to form Basalt
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26 Depends on temperature Hot magma flows quickly Cool magma flows slowly
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28 Temperature difference produces 2 kinds of lava
29 Pahoehoe- fast, hot lava Low viscosity Looks like: wrinkles or coils of rope
30 Aa: slow, cooler lava High viscosity Looks: rough: jagged chunks
31 Pele s Hair: type of rock formed by hardened lava sprays
32 Magma collects in the magma chamber Magma then rises upward to the vent
33 Pipe: a long tube in the ground that connects the magma chamber to the surface of the Earth. Lava Flow: an area covered by lava as it flows out of a side vent Crater: a bowl shaped area that may form at the top of the volcano around the central vent
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35 How it erupts: Gases that are dissolved in the magma expand as the magma goes up the pipe pushing it upwards until it reaches the top
36 Two kinds of volcanic Eruptions Quiet Eruptions Low viscosity magma Bubbles out of vents Can produce both kinds of lava Ex: Kilauea
37 Explosive Eruptions High Viscosity magma
38 Lava breaks into fragments and cools quickly Lava hardens into different sizes Small: Volcanic Ash Fine rocky
39 Medium: Cinders Pebble Large: Bombs Larger (baseball)
40 Pyroclastic Flow: occurs during an eruption when hot gases, ash, cinders and bombs are expelled
41 Obsidian: rock from lava that has cooled rapidly Glossy Texture Pumice: forms when gas bubbles get trapped in fast cooling lava
42 Burning: quiet eruption can cover a large area Clouds of deadly gas Cinders Bombs
43 Ash: can burn entire towns Roofs collapse Jet planes stall Avalanche, landslides and mud flows
44 Active Volcano: a volcano that is erupting or shows signs of erupting soon
45 Dormant Volcano: a sleeping volcano It can awaken in the future
46 Extinct Volcano: a volcano that is unlikely to erupt again
47 Different instruments are used to measure The temperature of ground H 2 O Earthquakes around the volcano Gases escaping
48 Shield Volcano Quiet Eruptions Gentle, sloping mountain Ex: Hawaiian islands are shield volcanoes that arise from hot spots
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50 Cinder Cone Volcano Cinder, Ash & Bombs erupt Explosively forms cone shaped hill
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52 Composite Volcano Alternate quiet and explosive eruptions Tall cone shaped mountains
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54 Lava Plateau Lava flows out of cracks Thin, runny lava Ex: Columbian Plateau in Washington, Oregon, & Idaho
55 Calderas Not the same as crater This is a huge hole left by the collapse of a volcanic mountain
56 Soil is Very Fertile Contains potassium, phosphorus, and other substances
57 Sometimes magma breaks through cracks in the upper crust but does not reach the surface
58 Five different kinds Volcanic Necks: magma hardens in the pipe
59 Dikes: magma hardens across rock layers
60 Sills: magma hardens between horizontal layers of rock
61 Batholith: large amount of magma cools in the crust
62 Domed Mountain: magma forces the layers of rock to bend upward
63 Magma that is only a few kilometers beneath the surface heats the ground water
64 Occurs in an area of present or past volcanic activity Hot springs Geysers
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