The locations of volcanoes are mostly determined by plate tectonics. convergent: tending to move toward one point or to approach each other
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1 Ch Volcanoes
2 The locations of volcanoes are mostly determined by plate tectonics. Review Vocabulary convergent: tending to move toward one point or to approach each other
3 IntroVolcanoes348
4 I. Zones of Volcanism Volcanism describes all the processes associated with the discharge of magma, hot fluids, and gases.
5 Most volcanoes form at plate boundaries. The majority form at convergent boundaries and divergent boundaries. Fig pg. 500
6 A. Convergent volcanism 1. Oceanic-continental subduction zone 2. Denser oceanic plate subducts a. Parts of the plate melt b. Magma rises
7 3. Characterized by explosive eruptions Mt. St. Helens
8 Section 18.1 Volcanoes
9 4. Two major belts a. Circum-Pacific Belt (AKA the Pacific Ring of Fire) b. Mediterranean Belt (between the Eurasian, African, and Arabian plates)
10
11 Where are most of Earth s active volcanoes? A. Circum-Pacific belt B. East African Rift C. Mediterranean Belt D. Cascade Range 0% 0% 0% 0% A. B. C. D.
12 ring45fire
13 B. Divergent volcanism 1. Nonexplosive eruptions 2. Pillow lava 3. Approximately 2/3 of all volcanoes
14 Divergent Plate Boundaries
15 About two-thirds of Earth s volcanism occurs along convergent boundaries. A.True B.False 0% 0% A. B.
16 Volcanic belts form along A. islands in the Pacific Ocean. B. North American mountain ranges. C. the boundaries of Earth s plates. D. the coast of Antarctica. 0% 0% 0% 0% A. B. C. D.
17 Where do volcanic eruptions tend to be nonexplosive? A.over hot spots B.at divergent boundaries C.in the upper mantle D.at convergent boundaries 0% 0% 0% 0% A. B. C. D.
18 C. Hot spots - hot area in Earth s mantle far from plate boundaries high-temperature plumes of mantle material rise toward the surface
19 1. Volcanoes a. Hawaiian islands b. Magma plume remained stationary c. Pacific Plate slowly moved northwest
20 The volcanoes on the oldest Hawaiian island, Kauai, are inactive because the island no longer sits above the stationary hot spot. The world s most active volcano, Kilauea, on the Big Island of Hawaii, is currently located over the hot spot.
21 2. Plate Motion Chains of volcanoes that form over stationary hot spots provide information about plate motions. The rate and direction of plate motion can be calculated from the positions of these volcanoes. Loihi another volcano is forming on the seafloor southwest of the big island
22 The Hawaiian islands are at one end of the Hawaiian-Emperor volcanic chain. The oldest seamount, Meiji, is at the other end of the chain and is about 80 million years old.
23 141hawaii
24 3. Flood basalts continental hot spots a. lava flows out of long cracks b. fissures The Columbia River basalts, located in the northwestern United States, were formed way. this
25 c. Lava plateaus i. Thin, runny lava ii. great distances before cooling
26 About 65 mya in India, a huge flood basalt eruption created an enormous plateau called the Deccan Traps. The volume of basalt in the Deccan Traps is estimated to be about 512,000 km 3. Hypothesis may have caused a global climate change that influenced the extinction of the dinosaurs.
27 The formation of the Hawaiian islands is one example of A. volcanoes forming over a hot spot. B. volcanoes forming along plate boundaries. C. the Ring of Fire. D. continental drift. 0% 0% 0% 0% A. B. C. D.
28 Where is the world s most active volcano? A. Mexico B. Italy C. Alaska D. Hawaii 0% 0% 0% 0% A. B. C. D.
29 Volcanism What kind of volcanism is shown in the figure below? a. divergent b. convergent c. hot spot d. flood basalt 0% 0% 0% 0%
30 III. Anatomy of a Volcano A. Lava reaches the surface by traveling through a tubelike structure called a conduit. B. The lava then emerges through an opening called a vent.
31 C. Magma Chamber
32 D. Bowl-shaped depression called a crater
33 E. Larger depressions, called calderas, can be up to 50 km in diameter.
34 1. Hole left by volcanic collapse 2. Main vent empties
35 Section 18.1 Volcanoes Caldera Formation
36 The huge hole left by the collapse of a volcanic mountain is called a A.lava plateau B.caldera. C.cinder cone. D.shield volcano. 0% 0% 0% 0% A. B. C. D.
37 III. Types of Volcanoes The appearance of a volcano depends on two factors: type of material type of eruptions
38 A. Shield volcanoes 1. Thin lava from vent 2. Gently sloping mountain 3. Quiet eruptions
39 B. Cinder cone 1. Ash, cinders, & bombs (tephra) 2. Explosive eruptions
40 C. Composite volcanoes 1. Lava flows & explosive eruptions 2. Alternate layers of lava and ash
41 Volcanism Which type of volcano usually produces the most violent eruptions? A. Shield B. Underwater C. Cinder cone D. Composite 0% 0% 0% 0% A. B. C. D.
42 When ash, cinders, and bombs build up in a steep pile around a volcano s vent, the result is a A.cinder cone volcano B.shield volcano. C.composite volcano. D.dormant volcano. 0% 0% 0% 0% A. B. C. D.
43 Table 18-1 Page 506
44 The locations of volcanoes are mostly determined by plate tectonics. Volcanism includes all the processes in which magma and gases rise to Earth s surface. Most volcanoes on land are part of two major volcanic chains: the Circum-Pacific Belt and the Mediterranean Belt.
45 Parts of a volcano include a vent, magma chamber, crater, and caldera. Flood basalts form when lava flows from fissures to form flat plains or plateaus. There are three major types of volcanoes: shield, composite, and cinder cone.
46 Volcanism What is a caldera? Answer: A caldera is a large depression that forms after the magma chamber under a volcano empties. The sides and top of the volcano collapse into the empty chamber, leaving a large circular depression.
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