1 Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics

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1 CHAPTER 13 SECTION Volcanoes 1 Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: What three conditions can cause magma to form? What is volcanism? What are three tectonic settings where volcanoes form? How can magma form plutons? How Does Magma Form? Remember that Earth has three compositional layers: the crust, the mantle, and the core. Even though the rock in the mantle is very hot, most of it is solid. It is solid because it is under a great deal of pressure from the weight of the rock above it. The graph below shows how pressure and temperature in the mantle are related. Crust Mantle Outer Core 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 Depth (km) READING TOOLBOX Summarize As you read this section, underline the main ideas. When you finish reading, write a short summary of the section using the underlined ideas. 1. Explain Temperatures in the lower mantle are very high. Why doesn t the rock in the lower mantle melt? 5,000 Inner Core 6, ,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 Pressure (kbar) Temperature (ºC) Temperature and pressure are very high in the mantle. Therefore, rock in the mantle usually stays below its melting point. Sometimes, however, the rock in the mantle can melt. When it does, it forms magma. Magma is melted rock under Earth s surface. There are three main conditions that can cause rock to melt: The temperature rises until it is higher than the rock s melting point. The pressure on the rock decreases, and its melting point also decreases. Water or other fluids seep into the rock and lower its melting point. 2. Explain Why can adding water to hot, solid rock make the rock melt? Holt McDougal Earth Science 189 Volcanoes

2 3. Explain Why do some igneous rocks contain pieces of other rocks? HOW MAGMA AFFECTS ROCK Because magma is less dense than solid rock, magma rises toward Earth s surface. As magma moves upward, it can affect the rock around it. For example, the heat from the magma may melt the rock around it. The melted rock becomes more magma. The magma can also enter cracks in the rock and break off pieces of solid rock. The solid rock may melt and become magma. Sometimes, the pieces of rock the magma breaks off do not melt completely. When the magma cools, these pieces of rock become trapped in the newly formed igneous rock. How Does a Volcano Form? Magma rises toward Earth s surface because magma is less dense than the solid rock that surrounds it. As the magma rises, it may collect in a magma chamber under Earth s surface. It may also flow out of an opening in Earth s surface called a vent. Magma that has flowed onto Earth s surface is called lava. When lava flows through a vent onto Earth s surface, the vent is called a volcano. Volcanism is the movement of magma onto Earth s surface. A volcano can be a small hole in the ground or a huge mountain. Where Do Most Volcanoes Form? Like earthquakes, most volcanoes form along plate boundaries. Volcanoes form at subduction zones, mid-ocean ridges, and hot spots. The map below shows places on land where volcanoes occur today. 4. Identify Where do most volcanoes form? Ring of Fire Active volcano Plate boundary Many active volcanoes exist in the Pacific Ring of Fire. The Pacific Ring of Fire is also one of Earth s major earthquake zones. Holt McDougal Earth Science 190 Volcanoes

3 SUBDUCTION ZONES Many volcanoes form along subduction zones, which are areas where one tectonic plate sinks under another. Some subduction zones form when two oceanic plates collide, and one sinks beneath the other. The figure below shows how this type of subduction forms volcanoes. A trench forms where one plate sinks beneath the other. Magma from the subduction zone erupts at volcanoes on the ocean floor. Over time, the volcanoes grow tall enough to reach above the water s surface. They form a chain of volcanoes called an island arc. Talk About It Apply Concepts With a partner, talk about what you have already learned about subduction zones. Discuss how that information relates to the information in this section. Athenosphere Subduction zone Oceanic lithosphere 5. Describe What causes the rock in the mantle to melt at a subduction zone? Water and other fluids are squeezed out of the sinking plate. They move into the mantle rock and cause it to melt. The magma rises toward the surface. Volcanoes are common at subduction zones. The Aleutian Islands are a row of islands in the North Pacific Ocean. They formed along a subduction zone. Japan also formed along a subduction zone. The main island of Japan used to be a row of smaller volcanic islands. As more magma reached the surface, the islands joined together into one large piece of land. Some subduction zones form when an oceanic plate and a continental plate collide. The denser oceanic plate sinks beneath the continental plate. Water and fluids are squeezed out of the sinking plate. They make the mantle rock melt, just as they do when two oceanic plates collide. The magma rises to the surface and erupts on the continental plate. Because the continental crust is very thick, the mountains that form are generally very tall. The Andes Mountains and the Cascade Mountains are examples of volcanic mountains that formed in this way. 6. Explain Why is Japan a single landmass, and not a chain of islands? Holt McDougal Earth Science 191 Volcanoes

4 MID-OCEAN RIDGES Most of Earth s volcanoes are not found on land. They are under the oceans, at mid-ocean ridges. Remember that a mid-ocean ridge is a place where two plates are moving apart. Where the plates move apart, magma can erupt to form new crust. Mid-ocean ridge 7. Explain Why does magma form at mid-ocean ridges? Sediment Oceanic crust Lithosphere Magma Asthenosphere As the plates at a mid-ocean ridge move apart, the pressure on the mantle below decreases. The decrease in pressure causes some of the mantle rock to melt. Because most of the volcanism at mid-ocean ridges happens below the ocean, most people do not know about it. However, there are some places where mid-ocean ridges rise above the ocean surface. Iceland is an example. Large fissures, or cracks, exist in Iceland. Half of Iceland is on the North American plate, and half is on the European plate. The fissures have formed where the two plates are moving apart. 8. Describe What happens as a tectonic plate moves over a mantle plume? HOT SPOTS Some volcanoes do not form at plate boundaries. Instead, these volcanoes form over mantle plumes. A mantle plume is a column of solid, hot rock in the mantle. As the plume rises toward the surface, the pressure on it decreases. Some of the rock melts. The magma rises to the surface and breaks through Earth s crust, forming a volcano. A place where a mantle plume erupts on Earth s surface is called a hot spot. Mantle plumes do not move very much. However, the plate over the plume does move. As the plate drifts away from the plume, the magma stops flowing through the volcano. Another volcano forms over the plume. As the plate continues to move, a chain of volcanoes forms, as shown on the next page. Holt McDougal Earth Science 192 Volcanoes

5 Oahu (3 Ma) Molokai (2 Ma) Maui (0.75 Ma to 1.3 Ma) Hawaii (currently active) Ni ihau (5 Ma) Kauai (5 Ma) Direction of plate movement Lanai (1.3 Ma) Kahoolawe (1 Ma) Mantle plume Hot Spot 9. Estimate About how many years did it take for the hot spot to move from Ni ihau to Hawaii? The Hawaiian Islands formed over a hot spot. The ages of the islands are shown in Ma, or millions of years. Some mantle plumes are long and shaped like a horizontal line. Magma from these plumes erupts through Earth s crust in many places along the line. This forms a line of volcanoes. What Is a Pluton? When magma does not reach Earth s surface, it may cool and solidify inside the crust. This process forms a pluton. Plutons can vary in size and shape. For example, dikes are small, narrow plutons. They may be only a few centimeters wide. Dikes form when magma cuts through rock layers as it rises. Very large plutons are called batholiths. A batholith has an area of at least 100 km 2. Critical Thinking 10. Apply Concepts What type of rock is a pluton made of? Devils Tower in Wyoming is an example of a pluton. It rises above the ground around it because the rock around it has been worn away. Holt McDougal Earth Science 193 Volcanoes

6 Section 1 Review SECTION VOCABULARY hot spot a volcanically active area of Earth s surface, commonly far from a tectonic plate boundary lava magma that flows onto Earth s surface; the rock that forms when lava cools and solidifies magma liquid rock produced under Earth s surface volcanism any activity that includes the movement of magma toward or onto Earth s surface volcano a vent or fissure in Earth s surface through which magma and gases are expelled 1. Define In your own words, define volcanism. 2. Describe Complete the table below to describe how volcanoes form in different areas. Place Where Volcanoes Form Subduction zones Description Why Magma Forms There A mantle plume rises to the surface. Two plates move apart. As the plates move apart, the pressure on the rock below decreases. The decreased pressure causes the rock to melt. 3. Compare What is the main difference between how a pluton forms and how a volcano forms? 4. Apply Concepts The map below shows the locations of many volcanoes. On the map, circle three volcanoes that are probably found at hot spots. Active volcano Plate boundary Holt McDougal Earth Science 194 Volcanoes

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