Visualizing Earth Science. Chapter Overview. Volcanoes and Eruption Types. By Z. Merali and B. F. Skinner. Chapter 9 Volcanism and Other

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Visualizing Earth Science. Chapter Overview. Volcanoes and Eruption Types. By Z. Merali and B. F. Skinner. Chapter 9 Volcanism and Other"

Transcription

1 Visualizing Earth Science By Z. Merali and B. F. Skinner Chapter 9 Volcanism and Other Igneous Processes Volcanoes types and effects of eruption Chapter Overview Melting and cooling of rocks Geological formations from igneous activity Volcanoes and Eruption Types Categories of Molten Rock Lava: Surface molten rock Magma: Molten rock inside the earth Volcano: vent through which rocks and debris erupt 1

2 Volcanoes and Eruption Types Magma viscosity depends on: Temperature: higher temperature lower viscosity Silica content: More silica greater viscosity Dissolved gas content of Magma depends on viscosity less viscous magma lets gas escape more easily Nature of volcanic eruption depends on gas content pressure of dissolved gas leads to explosive eruptions Volcanoes and Eruption Types Low viscosity lava and magma Hawaiian eruptions Shield volcanoes Flood basalts and Basalt plateaus Volcanoes and Eruption Types Strombolian eruptions Cinder or Spatter cones of loose volcanic rock Vulcanian and Plinian eruptions Tephra Pyroclastic flows: pyroclasts Volcanic ash Viscous Lava and Magma 2

3 Volcanoes and Eruption Types Constructive phase Vulcanian and Plinian eruptions layers of: Silica rich lava and pyroclasts Volcanic ash from pyroclastic flows and ash columns Destruction Explosive Plinian eruption Extinction Summit collapse Life of a Stratovolcano Crater outlet depression of a volcano Caldera large depression from collapse due to emptying magma chamber Thermal springs, geysers and fumaroles hot water and gases from a fuming magma chamber Other volcanic features Craters, calderas, geysers and fumaroles Global distribution of Volcanic Activity Greater density of volcanic features located along plate tectonic boundaries The Pacific Ring of Fire convergent plates African rift valley volcanoes convergent plates Intraplate volcanism The Hot Spot hypothesis The Hawaiian island chain 3

4 Primary effects of volcanic activity Lava flows Pyroclastic flows Secondary effects Fires Flooding and Tsunami Earthquakes and debris landslides Mudflows lahar Effects of Volcanic Activity Volcanic Hazards Tertiary effects Landscape Effects of Volcanic Activity Reshaping of mountains Stream blockage and re- direction Tertiary effects Climate Effects of Volcanic Activity Volcanic ash in the atmosphere Acid rain Prolonged darkness and lower temperatures 4

5 Replenishes rich volcanic soil Provides potential source of geo-thermal energy Rising magma produces near surface mineral deposits Diamonds found in volcanic vents Effects of Volcanic Activity Beneficial Effects Identification Is the volcano active, dormant or extinct? What type of volcano is it? Composition of lava from previous eruptions Observation of activity Gas discharge Bulging of surrounding rock Increase in seismic activity Changes in rock temperature Predicting Volcanic Eruptions Melting of Rocks A magma chamber contains molten rock inside the earth Understanding volcanism requires understanding the melting of rocks Environmental factors affecting the melting of rocks Temperature Pressure Presence of water 5

6 Melting of Rocks Effect of Temperature, Pressure and Moisture Crustal temperature increases with depth Rate of increase greater for oceanic crust than continental Melting of Rocks Effect of Temperature, Pressure and Moisture Pressure in the rock increases with depth Dry rocks melt at higher temperatures at higher pressures Moisture in rock lowers melting temperature Melting of Rocks Subsurface Rock and Fractional Melting Fractional melting of rock occurs At the melting points of the minerals it contains Melting points are reached when Temperature increases Pressure decreases Fractionation is the separation of molten portion of rock 6

7 Cooling and Crystallization of Magma Hundreds of kinds of igneous rocks exist on Earth Different rocks are formed from the same Magma Differences in the cooling process lead to different kinds of rocks This is magmatic differentiation Cooling and Crystallization of Magma Partial separation of solid crystals from liquid melt is fractional crystallization Magma minerals crystallize At different temperatures and pressures In differing environmental conditions In similar magma this leads to Differences in fractional crystallization Formation of different rocks Cooling and Crystallization of Magma Bowen s Reaction Series Bowen s hypothesis: All magmas originate from basaltic magmas Among Bowen s experiments Create a sodium rich magma Create a rhyolitic magma from a basaltic magma Through fractional crystallization Diffusion of ions from solid crystal to the surrounding melt Melt reacting with crystallized rock 7

8 Plutons Igneous bodies Different from surrounding older rock (intrusive) Originate underground as magma Exposed at the surface due to geological processes Batholiths and Stocks Largest Plutons Cut across existing rock layers Stocks are smaller than Batholiths Plutons and Plutonism Dikes Solidified magma in a fracture cutting across existing layers Plutons and Plutonism Sills Solidified magma squeezed into layers between existing layers Chapter Summary Volcanoes: Types and Effects The production of igneous rock Melting of mantle rock Crystallization of magma Plutons Bodies of igneous Rock 8

9 Properties of Magma and Lava Magma is composed of Mostly Silica - SiO 2 (45-75%) Temperatures of Erupting Lava Between 800 o C-1200 o C Magmas with higher silica content are more viscous Magmas and lavas at higher temperatures are less viscous 9

Chapter 18 - Volcanic Activity. Aka Volcano Under the City

Chapter 18 - Volcanic Activity. Aka Volcano Under the City Chapter 18 - Volcanic Activity Aka Volcano Under the City 18.1 Magma Describe factors that affect the formation of magma. Compare and contrast the different types of magma. Temperature and pressure increase

More information

Overview of Ch. 4. I. The nature of volcanic eruptions 9/19/2011. Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Chapter 4 or 5

Overview of Ch. 4. I. The nature of volcanic eruptions 9/19/2011. Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Chapter 4 or 5 Overview of Ch. 4 Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Chapter 4 or 5 I. Nature of Volcanic Eruptions II. Materials Extruded from a Volcano III.Types of Volcanoes IV.Volcanic Landforms V. Plutonic (intrusive)

More information

Magma. Objectives. Describe factors that affect the formation of magma. Compare and contrast the different types of magma. Vocabulary.

Magma. Objectives. Describe factors that affect the formation of magma. Compare and contrast the different types of magma. Vocabulary. Magma Objectives Describe factors that affect the formation of magma. Compare and contrast the different types of magma. Vocabulary viscosity Magma Magma The ash that spews from some volcanoes can form

More information

Unit 4 Lesson 4 Volcanoes. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Unit 4 Lesson 4 Volcanoes. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Magma Magic What is a volcano? A volcano is any place where gas, ash, or melted rock come out of the ground. Many volcanoes are dormant, meaning an eruption has not occurred in a long period of time. What

More information

Goal 2.1 Forces in the Lithosphere. Volcanic Activity

Goal 2.1 Forces in the Lithosphere. Volcanic Activity Goal 2.1 Forces in the Lithosphere Volcanic Activity Lesson 3 Volcanoes, Part 1 Think About It What happens when you shake a can of soda and then open it? Focus Question How does the composition of magma

More information

Igneous Rocks. Magma molten rock material consisting of liquid rock and crystals. A variety exists, but here are the end members:

Igneous Rocks. Magma molten rock material consisting of liquid rock and crystals. A variety exists, but here are the end members: Igneous Rocks Magma molten rock material consisting of liquid rock and crystals. A variety exists, but here are the end members: Types of Magma Basaltic, Basic or Mafic very hot (900-1200 C) very fluid

More information

Foundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa

Foundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa Foundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa Fires Within: Igneous Activity Foundations, 6e - Chapter 7 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College The nature of volcanic eruptions Characteristics

More information

When Mount St. Helens erupted, trapped gases caused the north side of the mountain to explode. Volcanic ash was ejected high into the atmosphere.

When Mount St. Helens erupted, trapped gases caused the north side of the mountain to explode. Volcanic ash was ejected high into the atmosphere. When Mount St. Helens erupted, trapped gases caused the north side of the mountain to explode. Volcanic ash was ejected high into the atmosphere. A volcano is a mountain that forms when magma reaches the

More information

WHAT IS A MAGMA. Magma is a mixture of molten rock, volatiles and solids that is found beneath the surface of the Earth.

WHAT IS A MAGMA. Magma is a mixture of molten rock, volatiles and solids that is found beneath the surface of the Earth. UNIT - 8 VOLCANOES WHAT IS A MAGMA Magma is a mixture of molten rock, volatiles and solids that is found beneath the surface of the Earth. In some instances, it solidifies within the crust to form plutonic

More information

Magma. Objectives. Describe factors that affect the formation of magma. Compare and contrast the different types of magma. Vocabulary.

Magma. Objectives. Describe factors that affect the formation of magma. Compare and contrast the different types of magma. Vocabulary. Magma Objectives Describe factors that affect the formation of magma. Compare and contrast the different types of magma. Vocabulary viscosity Magma Magma The ash that spews from some volcanoes can form

More information

Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE

Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 10 Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Factors Affecting Eruptions Factors that determine the violence of an eruption

More information

Engineering Geology ECIV 2204

Engineering Geology ECIV 2204 Engineering Geology ECIV 2204 2017-2016 Chapter (4) Volcanoes Chapter 4: Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity cataclysmic relating to or denoting a violent natural even Eventually the entire

More information

The Nature of Igneous Rocks

The Nature of Igneous Rocks The Nature of Igneous Rocks Form from Magma Hot, partially molten mixture of solid liquid and gas Mineral crystals form in the magma making a crystal slush Gases - H 2 O, CO 2, etc. - are dissolved in

More information

Get Ready for an ERUPTION!!!

Get Ready for an ERUPTION!!! Get Ready for an ERUPTION!!! Three Types of Volcanos Shield Cinder Cone Composite Shield Volcano Created by hot spots Gently sloping Cinder Volcano Steep Cone-shaped hill/ mountain Composite Volcano Tall,

More information

Chapter 7: Volcanoes 8/18/2014. Section 1 (Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics) 8 th Grade. Ring of Fire

Chapter 7: Volcanoes 8/18/2014. Section 1 (Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics) 8 th Grade. Ring of Fire Section 1 (Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics) Chapter 7: Volcanoes 8 th Grade Ring of Fire a major belt of es that rims the Pacific Ocean Volcanic belts form along the boundaries of Earth s plates as they

More information

UGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards

UGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards UGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards Session 5 Magma and Volcanism Lecturer: Dr. Patrick Asamoah Sakyi Department of Earth Science, UG Contact Information: pasakyi@ug.edu.gh College

More information

Volcanology. The study of volcanoes

Volcanology. The study of volcanoes Volcanology The study of volcanoes Magma forms wherever temperature and pressure are high enough to melt rock. Some magma forms at the aesthenosphere Magma also forms at plate boundaries, where intense

More information

Part A GEOLOGY 12 CHAPTER 4 WORKSHEET VOLCANOES. Name

Part A GEOLOGY 12 CHAPTER 4 WORKSHEET VOLCANOES. Name GEOLOGY 12 CHAPTER 4 WORKSHEET VOLCANOES Name Part A 1. The rough, jumbled blocky or jagged surface of a lava flow is called a. pahoehoe b. lahar c. aa d. phreatic 2. The Cascade volcanoes like Mt. St.

More information

GEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 12

GEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 12 UNDERSTANDING EARTH, SIXTH EDITION GROTZINGER JORDAN GEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 12 Volcanoes 2010 W.H. Freeman and Company Plate tectonics explains the global pattern of volcanism. Key Figure 12.20 (page

More information

Volcano: a weak spot in the crust where molten material or magma comes to the surface

Volcano: a weak spot in the crust where molten material or magma comes to the surface Chapter 7 Volcano: a weak spot in the crust where molten material or magma comes to the surface Magma: a molten mixture of rock forming substances, gases and H 2 O from the mantle Volcanic Belts: Form

More information

A bowl shaped depression formed by the collapse of a volcano is called a. Magma that has left the vent of a volcano is known as. Lava.

A bowl shaped depression formed by the collapse of a volcano is called a. Magma that has left the vent of a volcano is known as. Lava. Magma that has left the vent of a volcano is known as Lava A bowl shaped depression formed by the collapse of a volcano is called a Caldera This can form in a caldera when magma starts to come back up

More information

Get Ready for an ERUPTION!!! VOLCANOES

Get Ready for an ERUPTION!!! VOLCANOES Get Ready for an ERUPTION!!! VOLCANOES VOLCANOS Three Types of Volcanos Shield Cinder Cone Composite LAND FORMATIONS FROM LAVA & ASH Shield Volcano Created by hot spots Gently sloping Cinder Volcano Steep

More information

Imagine the first rock and the cycles that it has been through.

Imagine the first rock and the cycles that it has been through. A rock is a naturally formed, consolidated material usually composed of grains of one or more minerals The rock cycle shows how one type of rocky material gets transformed into another The Rock Cycle Representation

More information

Directed Reading. Section: Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics

Directed Reading. Section: Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics 1. Some volcanic eruptions can be more powerful than a(n) a. hand grenade. b. earthquake. c. geyser. d. atomic bomb. 2. The cause

More information

Volcano Unit Pre Assessment. Match the type of volcano to the correct picture by drawing a line to connect the two.

Volcano Unit Pre Assessment. Match the type of volcano to the correct picture by drawing a line to connect the two. Volcano Unit Pre Assessment Name Matching Match the type of volcano to the correct picture by drawing a line to connect the two. Composite Volcano Shield Volcano Cinder Cone Volcano Multiple Choice Select

More information

Volcanoes. Volcanic eruptions can be more powerful than the explosion of an atomic bomb.

Volcanoes. Volcanic eruptions can be more powerful than the explosion of an atomic bomb. Ch. 13 Volcanoes Volcanoes Volcanic eruptions can be more powerful than the explosion of an atomic bomb. Many of these eruptions are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. Volcanism Volcanism-any activity

More information

Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. volcano sample test Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Volcanic belts form along a. islands in the Pacific Ocean. b. North American

More information

Lecture 6 - Igneous Rocks and Volcanoes

Lecture 6 - Igneous Rocks and Volcanoes Lecture 6 - Igneous Rocks and Volcanoes Learning objectives Understand and be able to predict where and why magma will be forming at different tectonic settings Understand the factors controlling magma

More information

GLY July Ms. Nelda Breedt. Plates move slowly and eventually.

GLY July Ms. Nelda Breedt. Plates move slowly and eventually. GLY 162 Tectonic Processes: Volcanism Ms. Nelda Breedt GLY 162 Environmental Geology Plate Tectonics Plates move slowly and eventually. 2 Spread apart (divergent plates) Dive beneath one another (converging

More information

Volcanoes. Table of Contents Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics Volcanic Eruptions Volcanic Landforms

Volcanoes. Table of Contents Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics Volcanic Eruptions Volcanic Landforms Volcanoes Table of Contents Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics Volcanic Eruptions Volcanic Landforms What is a volcano? cone Conduit Or Pipe vent Side vent Central vent Crater A volcano is a vent or 'chimney'

More information

NC Earth Science Essential Standards

NC Earth Science Essential Standards NC Earth Science Essential Standards EEn. 2.1 Explain how processes and forces affect the Lithosphere. EEn. 2.1.1 Explain how the rock cycle, plate tectonics, volcanoes, and earthquakes impact the Lithosphere.

More information

Objectives: Describe how volcanoes can affect people. Describe conditions that cause volcanoes. Describe the relationship between volcanoes and Earth

Objectives: Describe how volcanoes can affect people. Describe conditions that cause volcanoes. Describe the relationship between volcanoes and Earth Objectives: Describe how volcanoes can affect people. Describe conditions that cause volcanoes. Describe the relationship between volcanoes and Earth s moving plates. Inside of Old Smokey, All covered

More information

Effects of Eruptions. Most active in the world Kilauea, Hawaii.

Effects of Eruptions. Most active in the world Kilauea, Hawaii. Inside of Old Smokey, All covered with snow, Lurk tons of hot magma, Getting ready to blow, Objectives: From deep in the chamber, Describe how volcanoes can affect people. Up a vent to the top, Describe

More information

Magma vs. Lava. Molten rock below Earth s surface is called magma. The magma that reaches the surface and erupts out of a volcano is called lava.

Magma vs. Lava. Molten rock below Earth s surface is called magma. The magma that reaches the surface and erupts out of a volcano is called lava. CH. 10.1 Be able to Explain the factors that determine the type of volcanic eruption. List the 3 types of volcanoes Describe the features of a volcano. What is a Volcano? Volcanoes are sites where molten

More information

Chapter 18. Volcanism

Chapter 18. Volcanism Chapter 18 Volcanism Ring of fire contains 66% of world s active volcanoes Convergent : Divergent: Icelandic Eruption Mount Etna Different Kinds of eruptions: Volcanic activity is controlled by plate tectonics,

More information

Geology 1 st Semester Exam YSBAT

Geology 1 st Semester Exam YSBAT 1. What is the role of a geologist? Geology 1 st Semester Exam YSBAT 2016-2017 2. Earth is subdivided into three main layers based on what? 3. What features do you find at divergent boundaries? 4. Rock

More information

Earth has more than 600 active volcanoes. An active volcano is one that has erupted within recorded history.

Earth has more than 600 active volcanoes. An active volcano is one that has erupted within recorded history. Volcanoes A volcano is an opening in Earth s surface that erupts gases, ash, and lava. These materials pile up in layers around the opening, forming volcanic mountains. Earth has more than 600 active volcanoes.

More information

Volcano - A Volcano is an opening in the Earth s surface through which molten material or volcanic gases are erupted.

Volcano - A Volcano is an opening in the Earth s surface through which molten material or volcanic gases are erupted. What is a Volcano? Volcano - A Volcano is an opening in the Earth s surface through which molten material or volcanic gases are erupted. A volcano can either be a classic volcanic cone.. Mt. St. Helens,

More information

A Volcano is An opening in Earth s crust through

A Volcano is An opening in Earth s crust through Volcanoes A Volcano is An opening in Earth s crust through which molten rock, gases, and ash erupt. Also, the landform that develops around this opening. Kinds of Eruptions Geologists classify volcanic

More information

UNIT SIX: Earth s Structure. Chapter 18 Earth s History and Rocks Chapter 19 Changing Earth Chapter 20 Earthquakes and Volcanoes

UNIT SIX: Earth s Structure. Chapter 18 Earth s History and Rocks Chapter 19 Changing Earth Chapter 20 Earthquakes and Volcanoes UNIT SIX: Earth s Structure Chapter 18 Earth s History and Rocks Chapter 19 Changing Earth Chapter 20 Earthquakes and Volcanoes Chapter Twenty: Earthquakes and Volcanoes 20.1 Earthquakes 20.2 Volcanoes

More information

Chapter 5 9/10/2011. Introduction. Volcanoes and Volcanism. Volcanism. Introduction. Introduction. Introduction

Chapter 5 9/10/2011. Introduction. Volcanoes and Volcanism. Volcanism. Introduction. Introduction. Introduction Introduction Chapter 5 Volcanism is the eruption of magma, and associated gases at the surface. Some magma erupts explosively as pyroclastic (fire-broken) rock and other erupts as lava flows. Volcanoes

More information

Directed Reading. Section: Volcanic Eruptions. light in color is called a. felsic. b. oceanic. c. mantle. d. mafic. dark in color is called

Directed Reading. Section: Volcanic Eruptions. light in color is called a. felsic. b. oceanic. c. mantle. d. mafic. dark in color is called Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Volcanic Eruptions 1. Lava provides an opportunity for scientists to study a. the nature of Earth s inner core. b. the nature of Earth s tectonic plates. c. temperatures

More information

Geology of the Hawaiian Islands

Geology of the Hawaiian Islands Geology of the Hawaiian Islands Class 4 22 January 2004 Turn in Homework #1 Any Questions? IMPORTANT Big Island Field Trip We need a $162 payment for airfare BEFORE January 29 th Description of logistics,

More information

Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Earthquakes Lesson 2 Volcanoes Chapter Wrap-Up

Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Earthquakes Lesson 2 Volcanoes Chapter Wrap-Up Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Earthquakes Lesson 2 Volcanoes Chapter Wrap-Up What causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions? What do you think? Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree with each

More information

A. What is a volcano?

A. What is a volcano? VOLCANISM THE ROCK CYCLE I. Introduction From: Roman god of fire, Vulcan A. What is a volcano? A conical mountain formed around a vent where lava, pyroclastic materials, and gases are erupted. I. Introduction

More information

Physical Geology, 15/e

Physical Geology, 15/e Lecture Outlines Physical Geology, 15/e Plummer, Carlson & Hammersley Copyright McGraw-Hill Education, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Volcanism and Extrusive Rocks Physical Geology

More information

Chapter Twelve: Earthquakes

Chapter Twelve: Earthquakes The Changing Earth Chapter Twelve: Earthquakes 12.1 Earthquakes 12.2 Volcanoes Investigation 12B Volcanoes How are volcanoes and plate boundaries related? 12.2 Looking inside a volcano A volcano is where

More information

Dynamic Planet PUT ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE ANSWER SHEET. c) low temperature d) high volatile content

Dynamic Planet PUT ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE ANSWER SHEET. c) low temperature d) high volatile content School Name: Team #: Students Names: Dynamic Planet 2016 Science Olympiad Invitational University of Texas at Austin PUT ALL YOUR ANSWERS ON THE ANSWER SHEET 1) Low viscosity magmas have: a) high silica

More information

Vulcanicity. Objectives to identify the basic structure of volcanoes and understand how they form.

Vulcanicity. Objectives to identify the basic structure of volcanoes and understand how they form. Vulcanicity Objectives to identify the basic structure of volcanoes and understand how they form. Some key terms to start.. Viscosity how well a substance (lava) flows. Acid lavas have a high viscosity,

More information

Errata for Earth Science: God s World, Our Home

Errata for Earth Science: God s World, Our Home Errata for Earth Science: God s World, Our Home Page 1 Updated December 21, 2017 Chapter 1, Learning Check 1.5 2. The answer key on the Resource CD repeats question 1 but gives the correct answer for question

More information

FOUNDATIONS OF GEOLOGY CHAPTER 2

FOUNDATIONS OF GEOLOGY CHAPTER 2 FOUNDATIONS OF GEOLOGY CHAPTER 2 2.3A- VOLCANOES Volcanoes all share common characteristics. Vent- a central channel through which gases, ash and rock are ejected. Magma- molten rock which lies several

More information

Constructive & Destructive Forces

Constructive & Destructive Forces Constructive & Destructive Forces Intro: Constructive Forces Processes that create landforms. Destructive Forces Processes that destroy landforms. Intro: Constructive Forces Volcanoes Deposition Landslides

More information

Directed Reading. Section: Volcanic Eruptions

Directed Reading. Section: Volcanic Eruptions Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Volcanic Eruptions 1. Lava provides an opportunity for scientists to study a. the nature of Earth s inner core. b. the nature of Earth s tectonic plates. c. temperatures

More information

Directed Reading. Section: Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics

Directed Reading. Section: Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics 1. What can cause some of the most dramatic changes to Earth s surface? a. solar activity b. tides c. geysers d. volcanic eruptions

More information

Earth s Interior HW Packet HW #1 Plate Tectonics (pages )

Earth s Interior HW Packet HW #1 Plate Tectonics (pages ) Name Earth s Interior HW Packet HW #1 Plate Tectonics (pages 676 683) 1. Is the following sentence true or false? According to the theory of plate tectonics, Earth s plates move about quickly on top of

More information

Structure of the Earth

Structure of the Earth Structure of the Earth Compositional (Chemical) Layers Crust: Low density Moho: Density boundary between crust and mantle Mantle: Higher density High in Magnesium (Mg) and Iron (Fe) Core: High in Nickel

More information

Apr 20 2:26 PM. the opening in Earth's crust through which molten rock, gases, and ash erupt. the landform that develops around this opening

Apr 20 2:26 PM. the opening in Earth's crust through which molten rock, gases, and ash erupt. the landform that develops around this opening Volcanoes Cleveland Volcano, Alaska, May 2006 Taken from the ISS Apr 20 2:26 PM The term volcano can refer to two things: 1. the opening in Earth's crust through which molten rock, gases, and ash erupt

More information

The locations of volcanoes are mostly determined by plate tectonics. convergent: tending to move toward one point or to approach each other

The locations of volcanoes are mostly determined by plate tectonics. convergent: tending to move toward one point or to approach each other Ch. 22.6 Volcanoes The locations of volcanoes are mostly determined by plate tectonics. Review Vocabulary convergent: tending to move toward one point or to approach each other IntroVolcanoes348 I. Zones

More information

lava magma pyroclastic materials lava flow igneous rock volcanic (extrusive igneous) rock plutonic (intrusive igneous) rock felsic magma mafic magma

lava magma pyroclastic materials lava flow igneous rock volcanic (extrusive igneous) rock plutonic (intrusive igneous) rock felsic magma mafic magma magma lava lava flow pyroclastic materials igneous rock volcanic (extrusive igneous) rock plutonic (intrusive igneous) rock felsic magma mafic magma intermediate magma viscosity magma chamber Bowen s reaction

More information

Volcano. Magma. Lava. weak spot in crust where magma and gases come up. molten mixture of rockforming

Volcano. Magma. Lava. weak spot in crust where magma and gases come up. molten mixture of rockforming Volcanoes Volcano weak spot in crust where magma and gases come up Magma Lava molten mixture of rockforming substance, gases, water from the mantle Magma that flows onto earth surface forms solid rock

More information

3.2 Notes: Volcanoes Form as Molten Rock Erupts

3.2 Notes: Volcanoes Form as Molten Rock Erupts 3.2 Notes: Volcanoes Form as Molten Rock Erupts Think about What happens when a volcano erupts? Volcanoes erupt many types of material Earth s thin outer layer is, but most of Earth is extremely hot rock

More information

Critical Thinking 1. Contrast How could you tell the difference between a mafic rock and a felsic rock by looking at them?

Critical Thinking 1. Contrast How could you tell the difference between a mafic rock and a felsic rock by looking at them? CHAPTER 13 2 SECTION Volcanoes Volcanic Eruptions KEY IDEAS As you read this section, keep these questions in mind: How does the composition of magma affect volcanic eruptions and lava flow? What are the

More information

Chapter 7 Lecture Outline. Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity

Chapter 7 Lecture Outline. Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Chapter 7 Lecture Outline Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Focus Question 7.1 How were the eruptions of Mount St. Helens and Hawaii s Kilauea volcano different? Mount St. Helens eruption (May 18,1980)

More information

Volcanoes. Environmental Geology, Mr. Paul Lowrey Stacey Singleton, Cassandra Combs, Dwight Stephenson, Matt Smithyman

Volcanoes. Environmental Geology, Mr. Paul Lowrey Stacey Singleton, Cassandra Combs, Dwight Stephenson, Matt Smithyman Volcanoes Environmental Geology, Mr. Paul Lowrey Stacey Singleton, Cassandra Combs, Dwight Stephenson, Matt Smithyman EMPACTS Project, Spring 2017 Northwest Arkansas Community College, Bentonville, AR

More information

GEOL1 Physical Geology Laboratory Manual College of the Redwoods Lesson Five: Volcanoes Background Reading: Volcanoes Volcanic Terms: Silca:

GEOL1 Physical Geology Laboratory Manual College of the Redwoods Lesson Five: Volcanoes Background Reading: Volcanoes Volcanic Terms: Silca: Name: Date: GEOL1 Physical Geology Laboratory Manual College of the Redwoods Lesson Five: Volcanoes Background Reading: Volcanoes Volcanic Terms: Silca: SiO 2 silicon dioxide. This is quartz when it crystallizes.

More information

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By Brett Lucas

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By Brett Lucas PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY By Brett Lucas INTERNAL PROCESSES Internal Processes The Impact of Internal Processes on the Landscape From Rigid Earth to Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonics Vulcanism Diastrophism Folding

More information

Chapter 7 Lecture Outline. Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity

Chapter 7 Lecture Outline. Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Chapter 7 Lecture Outline Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Mount St. Helens eruption (May 18,1980) Largest historic eruption in North America Lowered peak by more than 400 m Destroyed all trees in

More information

Study guide chapter 9

Study guide chapter 9 Study guide chapter 9 1. What are the three ways solid mantle material can change phase to a liquid? Associate a boundary/hot spot to each way mantle material changes phase. 1. A decrease in pressure which

More information

TAKE HOME EXAM 8R - Geology

TAKE HOME EXAM 8R - Geology Name Period Date TAKE HOME EXAM 8R - Geology PART 1 - Multiple Choice 1. A volcanic cone made up of alternating layers of lava and rock particles is a cone. a. cinder b. lava c. shield d. composite 2.

More information

Chapter 10: Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Section 1: The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions I. Factors Affecting Eruptions Group # Main Idea:

Chapter 10: Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Section 1: The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions I. Factors Affecting Eruptions Group # Main Idea: Chapter 10: Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Section 1: The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions I. Factors Affecting Eruptions Group # A. Viscosity Group # B. Dissolved Gases Group # II. Volcanic Material

More information

When magma is ejected by a volcano or other vent, the material is called lava. Magma that has cooled into a solid is called igneous rock.

When magma is ejected by a volcano or other vent, the material is called lava. Magma that has cooled into a solid is called igneous rock. This website would like to remind you: Your browser (Apple Safari 4) is out of date. Update your browser for more security, comfort and the best experience on this site. Encyclopedic Entry magma For the

More information

Chapter 5 Volcanoes The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions

Chapter 5 Volcanoes The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Chapter 5 Volcanoes All eruptions involve magma Magma is molten rock that usually contains some crystals and varying amounts of dissolved gases Lava is erupted magma The behavior

More information

L wave Lahar Lava Magma

L wave Lahar Lava Magma Very large collapsed volcanic crater, often containing a lake eg. Lake Taupo The process which provides the force to move the tectonic plates Innermost part of the Earth, made of a liquid outer core and

More information

Section 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions This section discusses volcanic eruptions, types of volcanoes, and other volcanic landforms.

Section 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions This section discusses volcanic eruptions, types of volcanoes, and other volcanic landforms. Chapter 10 Section 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions This section discusses volcanic eruptions, types of volcanoes, and other volcanic landforms. Reading Strategy Previewing Before you read the section,

More information

Bellringer: What materials are ejected from volcanoes? Quote of the Day: "Science is not belief, but the will to find out.

Bellringer: What materials are ejected from volcanoes? Quote of the Day: Science is not belief, but the will to find out. Bellringer: What materials are ejected from volcanoes? Quote of the Day: "Science is not belief, but the will to find out." ~Anonymous Sep 26 10:30 AM 1 Copy Directly into your notebook... 1. Pyro Latin

More information

Your web browser (Safari 7) is out of date. For more security, comfort and the best experience on this site: Update your browser Ignore

Your web browser (Safari 7) is out of date. For more security, comfort and the best experience on this site: Update your browser Ignore Your web browser (Safari 7) is out of date. For more security, comfort and the best experience on this site: Update your browser Ignore MAGMA For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources, visit:

More information

V o l c a n o es. Part I Composition. Types of deposits. Types of volcanoes Distribution

V o l c a n o es. Part I Composition. Types of deposits. Types of volcanoes Distribution V o l c a n o es Part I Composition Types of deposits Types of volcanoes Distribution Volcano: A mound of material that is extruded to the Earth s surface from a vent that is connected to a magma chamber

More information

Earthquakes and Volcanoes

Earthquakes and Volcanoes Earthquakes and Volcanoes Volcanoes What do you think? Read the three statements below and decide whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column if you agree with the statement

More information

A Rock is A group of minerals that have been put together in several different ways.

A Rock is A group of minerals that have been put together in several different ways. A Rock is A group of minerals that have been put together in several different ways. Depending on how they are put together, rocks are classified as: 1. Sedimentary 2. Igneous 3. Metamorphic Sedimentary

More information

EARTH SCIENCE KESSEL

EARTH SCIENCE KESSEL EARTH SCIENCE KESSEL Bell Ringer List everything you KNOW about a volcano (at least 3 things). Then list everything you WANT to know about volcanoes (at least 2 things). Bell Ringer What evidence might

More information

! Profile of Mauna Loa in Hawaii. Mauna Loa is one of five huge shield volcanoes that make up the island of Hawaii.

! Profile of Mauna Loa in Hawaii. Mauna Loa is one of five huge shield volcanoes that make up the island of Hawaii. - Shield Volcanoes - Low, rounded profiles; slope angles 2-10 ; composed of numerous flows of mafic composition and little explosive activity - Largest of all volcanoes! Shield volcanoes consist of numerous

More information

Volcanoes. Presented by Kesler Science

Volcanoes. Presented by Kesler Science Presented by Kesler Science Essential Questions: 1. What are the parts of a volcano? 2. What are the four types? 3. What processes form volcanoes? 4. Where are volcanoes located on earth? What is a Volcano?

More information

ESC1000 Earth Science Summer 2016

ESC1000 Earth Science Summer 2016 ESC1000 Earth Science Summer 2016 As a scientifically literate citizen, what 3 questions would you ask about this volcano if you moved to the city in the foreground (Tacoma, Washington)? Volcanoes (Chapter

More information

Module 7: Plate Tectonics and Earth's Structure Topic 3 Content: Volcanoes - The Basics Notes. Volcanoes The Basics

Module 7: Plate Tectonics and Earth's Structure Topic 3 Content: Volcanoes - The Basics Notes. Volcanoes The Basics Volcanoes The Basics 1 Hello, my name is Dr. Simpson, and I am a volcanologist. I am here to explain some basic information about volcanoes to you. 3 I think we should get started by taking a look at the

More information

Ch12&13 Test. 3. Where does the first motion of an earthquake occur? a. fault c. epicenter b. focus d. locus

Ch12&13 Test. 3. Where does the first motion of an earthquake occur? a. fault c. epicenter b. focus d. locus Ch12&13 Test Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What is the epicenter of an earthquake? a. the location along a fault where the first motion

More information

Week: Dates: 10/19 10/30 Unit: Volcanos

Week: Dates: 10/19 10/30 Unit: Volcanos clementaged.weebly.com Name: ODD Period: Week: 10 11 Dates: 10/19 10/30 Unit: Volcanos Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday 19 E 20 O *Vocabulary *Frayer Vocab *Volcano Notes *Bill Nye Notes 21 E 22

More information

Physical Geography. Tectonics, Earthquakes, and Volcanism. Chapter 12 GEOGRAPHY Earthquakes and Volcanoes. What are Earthquakes?

Physical Geography. Tectonics, Earthquakes, and Volcanism. Chapter 12 GEOGRAPHY Earthquakes and Volcanoes. What are Earthquakes? Physical Geography GEOGRAPHY 1710 DAVID R. SALLEE Tectonics, Earthquakes, and Chapter 12 Earthquakes and Volcanoes Earthquakes? The shaking or trembling caused by the sudden release of energy Usually associated

More information

Volcano Vocabulary ROCK CYCLE. Igneous REMELTED REMELTED BURIED BURIED HEAT ERODED DEPOSITED. Metamorphic Sedimentary ERODED, TRANSPORTED DEPOSITED

Volcano Vocabulary ROCK CYCLE. Igneous REMELTED REMELTED BURIED BURIED HEAT ERODED DEPOSITED. Metamorphic Sedimentary ERODED, TRANSPORTED DEPOSITED Volcano Vocabulary VOLCANISM VENT CRATER CALDERA QUIET ERUPTION EXPLOSIVE ERUPTION PYROCLASTIC DEBRIS CINDER CONE SHIELD VOLCANO COMPOSITE VOLCANO STRATO VOLCANO ACTIVE DORMANT EXTINCT INTRUSION DIKE SILL

More information

Geology 101. Reading Guide for Chapters 1, 4, and 5

Geology 101. Reading Guide for Chapters 1, 4, and 5 Geology 101 Name Reading Guide for Chapters 1, 4, and 5 The purpose of the Reading Guides is to help you sort out the most important ideas in the text. I recommend answering the questions as you read the

More information

Geography. Key facts. Volcanoes and volcanic eruptions

Geography. Key facts. Volcanoes and volcanic eruptions Geography Volcanoes and volcanic eruptions Volcanoes form when magma reaches the Earth's surface, causing eruptions of lava and ash. They occur at destructive (compressional) and constructive (tensional)

More information

Essentials of Geology, 11e

Essentials of Geology, 11e Essentials of Geology, 11e Igneous Rocks and Intrusive Activity Chapter 3 Instructor Jennifer Barson Spokane Falls Community College Geology 101 Stanley Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College Characteristics

More information

Earth s Changing Surface

Earth s Changing Surface Earth s Changing Surface Earthquakes and Volcanoes Key Concepts What causes earthquakes? What causes volcanoes to form? How do earthquakes and volcanoes change Earth s surface? What do you think? Read

More information

GLY 155 Introduction to Physical Geology, W. Altermann. Grotzinger Jordan. Understanding Earth. Sixth Edition

GLY 155 Introduction to Physical Geology, W. Altermann. Grotzinger Jordan. Understanding Earth. Sixth Edition Grotzinger Jordan Understanding Earth Sixth Edition Chapter 4: IGNEOUS ROCKS Solids from Melts 2011 by W. H. Freeman and Company Chapter 4: Igneous Rocks: Solids from Melts 1 About Igneous Rocks Igneous

More information

3/24/2016. Geology 12 Mr. M. Gauthier 24 March 2016

3/24/2016. Geology 12 Mr. M. Gauthier 24 March 2016 Geology 12 Mr. M. Gauthier 24 March 2016 Introduction: Mt. St. Helens Before 1980 Mt. St Helens, in Southern Washington State, had not erupted since 1857 On March 27,1980 minor ashand eruptions were due

More information

Guidance for GEOGRAPHY End of Year Examination 2016

Guidance for GEOGRAPHY End of Year Examination 2016 Guidance for GEOGRAPHY End of Year Examination 2016 The End of Year Examination takes place in Week 4 of the Summer Term. The Geography Examination will last 50 minutes. The Examination will include questions

More information

Introduction to volcanoes. Volcano: an opening in the earth s surface through which lava, hot gases, and rock fragments erupt

Introduction to volcanoes. Volcano: an opening in the earth s surface through which lava, hot gases, and rock fragments erupt Introduction to volcanoes Volcano: an opening in the earth s surface through which lava, hot gases, and rock fragments erupt Origin of Volcanoes 1. Magma 50-100 miles below the earth s surface slowly begins

More information

Igneous and Metamorphic Rock Forming Minerals. Department of Geology Mr. Victor Tibane SGM 210_2013

Igneous and Metamorphic Rock Forming Minerals. Department of Geology Mr. Victor Tibane SGM 210_2013 Igneous and Metamorphic Rock Forming Minerals Department of Geology Mr. Victor Tibane 1 SGM 210_2013 Intrusive and Effusive Rocks Effusive rocks: rapid cooling small crystalls or glas Lava & ash Magmatic

More information

12.2 Volcanoes Looking inside a volcano What is a volcano? volcano magma magma chamber lava

12.2 Volcanoes Looking inside a volcano What is a volcano? volcano magma magma chamber lava 12.2 Volcanoes Early explorers noticed that many volcanoes were located near coastlines, but they didn t know why. One volcano that is near a coastline is Mount St. Helens in Washington state. This famous

More information

The mantle under the crust (about 2,890 km deep) is composed mostly of silicate rocks rich in magnesium and iron. The elements of the crust have

The mantle under the crust (about 2,890 km deep) is composed mostly of silicate rocks rich in magnesium and iron. The elements of the crust have The mantle under the crust (about 2,890 km deep) is composed mostly of silicate rocks rich in magnesium and iron. The elements of the crust have derived from the mantle by fractional melting that operates

More information

Lecture 3 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Dr. Shwan Omar

Lecture 3 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Dr. Shwan Omar Rocks A naturally occurring aggregate of one or more minerals (e.g., granite), or a body of non-crystalline material (e.g., obsidian glass), or of solid organic material (e.g., coal). Rock Cycle A sequence

More information