Explosion of Mt. St. Helens
|
|
- Virgil Mills
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Heigth of eruption column (km) Explosion of Mt. St. Helens First activity on the , 08:32h On On the the ash clouds rich km height within 8 minutes! Subduction-related volcanoes along the west coast of N America Decker, R. & Decker, B.,
2 Mt. St. Helens before the eruption Decker, R. & Decker, B., 1985 (Spektrum) Decker, R. & Decker, B., 1985 (Spektrum) Eruption of Mt. St. Helens 2
3 After the eruption of Mt. St. Helens Decker, R. & Decker, B., 1985 (Spektrum) Topographic model Mt. St. Helens Decker, R. & Decker, B., 1985 (Spektrum) Upper most 400m were missing 3
4 Mt. St. Helens Lava- and mud flows Decker, R. & Decker, B., 1995 Damage around Mt. St. Helens Burned forests Pyroclastites Ash Mud flows Decker, R. & Decker, B., 1985 Derooted trees 4
5 Heigth of eruption cloud Surtseyan Phreato-plinian Volcanian Phreato - magmatic eruptions c Explosivity Classification scheme for explosive eruptions, according to the area covered by pyroclastic deposits (D = tuff cover) and the degree of tephra fragmentation (F). Next to purely magmatic eruptions, at the interplay with external water, mild phreato magmatic (volcanian) and extreme, violent phreato magmatic (surtseyan and phreatoplinian) eruptions can be distinguished. D=Area, covered by the 1%-Tmax-isopach (Tmax=maximal thickness of the deposit); F = Weight % of <1 mm grain size in the sample at 10% -Tmax-isopach. 1 gentle m 10,000s m 3 Haw/Strombolian daily Stromboli 2 explosive 1-5 km 1,000,000s m 3 Strom/Vulcanian weekly Galeras, severe 3-15 km 10,000,000s m 3 Vulcanian yearly Ruiz, cataclysmic km 100,000,000s m 3 Vulc/Plinian 10's of years Galunggung, paroxysmal >25 km 1 km 3 Plinian 100's of years St. Helens, colossal >25 km 10s km 3 Plin/Ultra-Plinian 100's of years Krakatau, VEI Description Plume Height Volume Classification How often Example nonexplosive 0 < 100 m 1000s m 3 Hawaiian daily Kilauea supercolossal megacolossal >25 km 100s km 3 Ultra-Plinian 1000's of years Tambora, 1815 >25 km 1,000s km 3 Ultra-Plinian 10,000's of years Yellowstone, 2 Ma Explosivity index [VEI] E = percentual content of pyroclastics VEI - Volcanic Explosivity Index VEI 0 33% Explosive: VEI % 5
6 Calderas Caldera (Spanish (span.) Der for Kessel kettle or pot) collapsed volcano Name Leopold von Leopold Buch (1825) von Taburiente Buch caldera, (1825) La Palma Explosion- Explosions-Caldera Collaps- Einsturz-Caldera Erosion- Erosions-Caldera Caldera (Spanish for kettle) collapsed volcano Leopold von Buch (1825) Taburiente, La Palma Caldera, formed subsequently to large eruptions by collapsing above the partly emptied magma chamber. Origin: Hawaiian to plinian eruptions. Plinian calderas produce ignimbrites*. Calderas can attain several 10s of km in diameter and be circular to ellipsoidal, and bound by faults forming a polygonal pattern. Resurgent Caldera: through new magma intrusion rising and updoming caldera. *Ignimbrite: deposits of a pumice rich pyroclastic flow. 6
7 Origin of a Caldera Collaps- Caldera Magma chamber Degassing Pyroclastic flows Resurgent Caldera Ignimbrite cover New magma rises Friedrich, W.L. et al., 1985 New eruption Hot springs and geysirs Ring complexes / Couldron Subsidence Caldera-Collaps, Ring-Dikes, Cone-Sheets 7
8 Crater Lake, Oregon 8
9 9
10 10
11 Caldera Taburiente La Palma (Canary islands) Distribution of ash Explosion of of the the Toba caldera years ago Francis, P.,
12 Explosion of of the the Toba caldera years ago Calderas in North America Canada United States 1 Mill.y. Valles-C. (New Mexico) y. y. Long-Valley- Caldera (California) Aus Francis, P., 1985 (Spektrum) y. y. Yellowstone-Caldera (Wyoming) 12
13 Krakatau-Explosion 1883 Before the the explosion Francis, P. & Self, S., 1985 Krakatau 1883 After explosion Francis, P. & Self, S.,
14 New volcano of the Krakatau-Caldera 1927 Francis, P. & Self, S., 1985 Santorini-Caldera - Atlantis? Friedrich et al., 1985 Destroyed Minoian (ancient Greek) cultural centres, in in red 14
15 Pumice on Thera, Santorini Tuff on Thera, Santorini 15
16 Gas volcanoes (Maars), Maar, subaerial volcano form of a shallow crater, often forming a lake. Formed through phreato-magmatic explosions of mostly basaltic magmas, in contact to large amounts of ground water. Maars are monogenetic volcanoes, active only for few days or weeks. Because of the violent explosions of extending gas and water vapour, the country rocks become strongly fragmented down to several hundred metres depth, and ejected violently. Simultaneously, country rocks tend to slump into the active maar volcano (collapsing of walls). After the eruption a lake is formed, dammed by a flat tuff ring around the maar crater. Below the maar, volcanic breccias fill the explosion vent down to several hundred metres depth (Diatrem) Maar genesis valley Tal Tal Grundwasser water Ground Grundwasser Bruchzone Bruchzone Fault valley Tal Tal Grundwasser water Ground Grundwasser Contact Kontaktzone zone Kontaktzone aufsteigendegendes basaltic aufstei- Rising Basaltmagma Basaltmagma magma Lapilli Erup- Erupti tions- ve kam- mer cham mer ber Lorenz, V.,
17 Gas volcanoes (Maares), Eifel, Germany Lorenz, V Weinfelder Maar, Germany Lorenz, V
18 Laacher lake (Maar in the Eifel) Tephra thickness in cm Tuff of the Laacher Lake-Volcano, with pumice enclosing a blue hauyne crystal (foid) years ago Ash transported to to Scandinavia Post-volcanic phenomena Gas Exhalations: Basaltic: CO 2, CO, H 2, CH 4, H 2 S Andesitic: H 2 O, HCl, HF 18
19 Post-volcanic phenomena: The terminal degassing of magma, after the volcanic activity has largely ceased, causes natural phenomena such as : Fumaroles (Gas and H 2 O, mainly phreatic and not juvenile) Solfatares (H 2 S) Mofettes (CO 2 ) = CO 2 -rich springs Geysires = thermal, heated groundwater expulsions Geysir, Iceland Fumaroles: Solfatares: Fumarole: Merapi volcano, Indonesia Post-volcanic phenomena Gas, vapour H 2 S Fumaroles: Icleand Mofettes: CO 2 19
20 Solfatares with sulphur mineralization, Haymey and Askja, Iceland Mud mofette (CO 2 ), Iceland 20
21 Geysir, Iceland Magma-meteoric water interaction Hot spring Descending, cold rain water Geysir Ascending hot water Fault zone Magma Press & Siever,
22 Interactions of Volcanoes with other Geosystems Reaching the surface, magma (lava) degasses to the atmosphere and hydrosphere. Water dissolves volcanic rocks and changes its chemistry and eventually, the chemistry of the ocean. Volcanism and the hydrosphere: fumaroles and geysers Volcanism and the atmosphere Volcanic eruptions are rich in gases and in ash that can have influence on climate: aerosols and ash Tephra on the slopes of Pintubo (0,2km 3 ) Erupted pyroclastic material (9,0km 3 ) Pyroclastic flows in western areas Pyroclastic flows in eastern areas (2,0km 3 ) Pyroclastic sediments in the rivers Silt and mud transported to the coast (0,2km 3 ) Pyroclastic flows in western areas Long -term deposited pyroclastic material (3,9km 3 ) Erosion of older deposits (0,2km 3 ) Lahar deposits (2,3km 3 ) Volume and distribution of different tephra layers after the explosion of Mt. Pinatubo
23 Influence of volcanism on climate Stratosphere Solar radiation Increased albedo Heterogenous chemistry Equal density zone (umbrella) Ash, H2O; HCl warming Aerosol layer Convective eruption column Ash, H2O; HCl Troposphere Gas acceleration Infra red Cooling down of the Earth surface, volcanic winter Acid content in Greenland ice Influence of volcanism on climate Duration of the Laki eruption, Iceland Winter temperature (December-February) 23
24 Positive and negative climate forcing FCCH=Fluorine- Chlorine-Carbo- Hydrates Ozone (O 3 ) killers Greenhouse gases NO 2 FCCH Positive climate forcing (left column) through anthropogenic greenhouse gases Ozon lost S smoke Tropospheric aerosols Sun radiation clouds Negative climate forcing (left column) through stratospheric aerosols from the Mt. Pinatubo eruption Volcanism and Human Affairs Natural resources volcanic soils industrial materials ore formation heat energy 24
25 Volcanism and Human Affairs: Geothermal Energy non-explosive highly explosive Number of eruptions in each explosivity group in % Years between eruptions VEI Death toll % c. 550 active volcanoes worldwide c. 60 eruptions per year Since 1700: > mortalities Total of Yearly average of 880 deaths Pyroclastic flows Lahars other Hunger Tsunamis The tsunami of December, 2004 in Indonesia caused c fatalities. The earth quake 2009 in Port au Prince, c deaths, changing the statistics drastically. Japan 2011? 25
26 Volcanism and Human Affairs But one earth quake in Los Angeles or a single eruption of e.g. Fujiyama, close to Tokyo, can again change the statistics! AD BC BC BC BC Erupted magma volume in km 3 26
27 Volcanism and Human Affairs: Potentially Hazardous Volcanoes 27
28 Thought questions for this chapter Why are eruptions of stratovolcanoes generally more explosive than those of shield volcanoes? What might be the effects on civilization of a Yellowstone-type type caldera eruption? How do interactions between volcanic geosystems and the climate system increase volcanic hazards? 28
GLY 155 Introduction to Physical Geology, W. Altermann
17.04.2010 Eyjafjallokull Volcano Shield Volcano on Iceland Phreatomagmatic eruption 1 Eyjafjallokull Volcano Shield Volcano on Iceland Phreatomagmatic eruption Eyjafjallokull Volcano Shield Volcano on
More informationVisualizing Earth Science. Chapter Overview. Volcanoes and Eruption Types. By Z. Merali and B. F. Skinner. Chapter 9 Volcanism and Other
Visualizing Earth Science By Z. Merali and B. F. Skinner Chapter 9 Volcanism and Other Igneous Processes Volcanoes types and effects of eruption Chapter Overview Melting and cooling of rocks Geological
More informationIgneous and Metamorphic Rock Forming Minerals. Department of Geology Mr. Victor Tibane SGM 210_2013
Igneous and Metamorphic Rock Forming Minerals Department of Geology Mr. Victor Tibane 1 SGM 210_2013 Intrusive and Effusive Rocks Effusive rocks: rapid cooling small crystalls or glas Lava & ash Magmatic
More informationGoal 2.1 Forces in the Lithosphere. Volcanic Activity
Goal 2.1 Forces in the Lithosphere Volcanic Activity Lesson 3 Volcanoes, Part 1 Think About It What happens when you shake a can of soda and then open it? Focus Question How does the composition of magma
More informationMt St Helens was know to have entered into active periods that lasted from years once every years over the last 500 years, (Figure 5).
Lecture #8 notes; Geology 3950, Spring 2006; CR Stern May 1980 eruption of Mt St Helens volcano (text pages 183-192 in the 4 th edition and 206-222 in the 5 th edition) Mt St Helens in southwest Washington
More informationMagma. Objectives. Describe factors that affect the formation of magma. Compare and contrast the different types of magma. Vocabulary.
Magma Objectives Describe factors that affect the formation of magma. Compare and contrast the different types of magma. Vocabulary viscosity Magma Magma The ash that spews from some volcanoes can form
More informationOverview of Ch. 4. I. The nature of volcanic eruptions 9/19/2011. Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Chapter 4 or 5
Overview of Ch. 4 Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Chapter 4 or 5 I. Nature of Volcanic Eruptions II. Materials Extruded from a Volcano III.Types of Volcanoes IV.Volcanic Landforms V. Plutonic (intrusive)
More informationLECTURE #11: Volcanic Disasters: Lava Properties & Eruption Types
GEOL 0820 Ramsey Natural Disasters Spring, 2018 LECTURE #11: Volcanic Disasters: Lava Properties & Eruption Types Date: 13 February 2018 I. Exam I grades are posted on the class website (link at the bottom
More informationCalderas. Myojin Knoll Submarine Caldera m. 500 m. 5 km. (after Kennedy and Stix, 2003)
Calderas Myojin Knoll Submarine Caldera 1400 m 500 m 5 km (after Kennedy and Stix, 2003) Definition Outline Relationships to Eruption Volume and VEI Structural Components Types Caldera Genetic Models and
More informationChapter 18. Volcanism
Chapter 18 Volcanism Ring of fire contains 66% of world s active volcanoes Convergent : Divergent: Icelandic Eruption Mount Etna Different Kinds of eruptions: Volcanic activity is controlled by plate tectonics,
More informationVolcanic Plumes. JOHN WILEY & SONS Chichester New York Weinheim Brisbane Singapore Toronto
Volcanic Plumes R. S. J. SPARKS University of Bristol, UK M. I. BURSIK State University of New York, USA S. N. CAREY University of Rhode Island, USA J. S. GILBERT Lancaster University, UK L. S. GLAZE NASA/Goddard
More informationGLY July Ms. Nelda Breedt. Plates move slowly and eventually.
GLY 162 Tectonic Processes: Volcanism Ms. Nelda Breedt GLY 162 Environmental Geology Plate Tectonics Plates move slowly and eventually. 2 Spread apart (divergent plates) Dive beneath one another (converging
More informationPart A GEOLOGY 12 CHAPTER 4 WORKSHEET VOLCANOES. Name
GEOLOGY 12 CHAPTER 4 WORKSHEET VOLCANOES Name Part A 1. The rough, jumbled blocky or jagged surface of a lava flow is called a. pahoehoe b. lahar c. aa d. phreatic 2. The Cascade volcanoes like Mt. St.
More informationVolcanic Landforms, Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics
Page 1 of 12 EENS 3050 Tulane University Natural Disasters Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Volcanic Landforms, Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics This page last updated on 26-Aug-2017 Volcanic Landforms Volcanic landforms
More informationFoundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa
Foundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa Fires Within: Igneous Activity Foundations, 6e - Chapter 7 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College The nature of volcanic eruptions Characteristics
More informationChapter 5 9/10/2011. Introduction. Volcanoes and Volcanism. Volcanism. Introduction. Introduction. Introduction
Introduction Chapter 5 Volcanism is the eruption of magma, and associated gases at the surface. Some magma erupts explosively as pyroclastic (fire-broken) rock and other erupts as lava flows. Volcanoes
More information3/7/17. #16 - Case Studies of Volcanoes II. Announcements Monday 2/27
Announcements Monday 2/27 Exam #1: Monday Feb. 27 th, 7:15-8:15 (see web site) Last Names A - N Loomis 141 Last Names O - Z Loomis 151 Bring your student ID An old exam is posted in Compass If you are
More informationMagma. Objectives. Describe factors that affect the formation of magma. Compare and contrast the different types of magma. Vocabulary.
Magma Objectives Describe factors that affect the formation of magma. Compare and contrast the different types of magma. Vocabulary viscosity Magma Magma The ash that spews from some volcanoes can form
More informationLab 4: Igneous rocks and volcanic hazards
Geology 101 Name(s): Lab 4: Igneous rocks and volcanic hazards Needed: lab manual, samples R4 R17 (Tubs 5 17) As noted in the lab manual, igneous rocks are first separated into plutonic (intrusive) or
More informationCATACLYSMIC ERUPTIONS
CATACLYSMIC ERUPTIONS The really big ones! This figure compares the size of some recent, well-known eruptions. Note how small the eruptions of Mount St. Helens and even Vesuvius are compared to Katmai,
More informationUGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards
UGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards Session 6 Volcanic Hazards Lecturer: Dr. Patrick Asamoah Sakyi Department of Earth Science, UG Contact Information: pasakyi@ug.edu.gh College of
More informationIntroduction to Earth s s Spheres The Benchmark
Introduction to Earth s s Spheres The Benchmark Volcanism Volcanic eruptions Effusive: lavas (e.g., Kilauea) Volcanism Volcanic eruptions Explosive: pyroclastic rocks (e.g., Krakatau) Factors Governing
More informationLab 4: Igneous rocks and volcanic hazards
Geology 101 Name(s): Lab 4: Igneous rocks and volcanic hazards Needed: lab manual, samples R4 R17 (Tubs 5 17) As noted in the lab manual, igneous rocks are first separated into plutonic (intrusive) or
More informationVolcanoes. Environmental Geology, Mr. Paul Lowrey Stacey Singleton, Cassandra Combs, Dwight Stephenson, Matt Smithyman
Volcanoes Environmental Geology, Mr. Paul Lowrey Stacey Singleton, Cassandra Combs, Dwight Stephenson, Matt Smithyman EMPACTS Project, Spring 2017 Northwest Arkansas Community College, Bentonville, AR
More information3/24/2016. Geology 12 Mr. M. Gauthier 24 March 2016
Geology 12 Mr. M. Gauthier 24 March 2016 Introduction: Mt. St. Helens Before 1980 Mt. St Helens, in Southern Washington State, had not erupted since 1857 On March 27,1980 minor ashand eruptions were due
More informationheight <100 m (< 0.1 km) m (0.1 1 km) Colima, 1991; Galeras, 1992 Strombolian/ Vulcanian/ Plinian/ Ultra-Plinian
Geology 101 Name(s): Lab 5: Volcanic hazards and sediment The Volcano Explosivity Index (VEI) was developed by volcanogists Chris Newhall and Steve Self in 1982 to gauge the explosiveness of a particular
More informationVulcanicity. Objectives to identify the basic structure of volcanoes and understand how they form.
Vulcanicity Objectives to identify the basic structure of volcanoes and understand how they form. Some key terms to start.. Viscosity how well a substance (lava) flows. Acid lavas have a high viscosity,
More informationIntroduction to volcanoes. Volcano: an opening in the earth s surface through which lava, hot gases, and rock fragments erupt
Introduction to volcanoes Volcano: an opening in the earth s surface through which lava, hot gases, and rock fragments erupt Origin of Volcanoes 1. Magma 50-100 miles below the earth s surface slowly begins
More informationBellringer: What materials are ejected from volcanoes? Quote of the Day: "Science is not belief, but the will to find out.
Bellringer: What materials are ejected from volcanoes? Quote of the Day: "Science is not belief, but the will to find out." ~Anonymous Sep 26 10:30 AM 1 Copy Directly into your notebook... 1. Pyro Latin
More informationVolcanic Hazards: Airborne Debris
Activity 4 Volcanic Hazards: Airborne Debris Goals In this activity you will: Understand why ash from volcanic eruptions can affect a much larger region than lava, pyroclastic flows, or lahars. Define
More informationA bowl shaped depression formed by the collapse of a volcano is called a. Magma that has left the vent of a volcano is known as. Lava.
Magma that has left the vent of a volcano is known as Lava A bowl shaped depression formed by the collapse of a volcano is called a Caldera This can form in a caldera when magma starts to come back up
More informationStudy guide chapter 9
Study guide chapter 9 1. What are the three ways solid mantle material can change phase to a liquid? Associate a boundary/hot spot to each way mantle material changes phase. 1. A decrease in pressure which
More informationGEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 12
UNDERSTANDING EARTH, SIXTH EDITION GROTZINGER JORDAN GEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 12 Volcanoes 2010 W.H. Freeman and Company Plate tectonics explains the global pattern of volcanism. Key Figure 12.20 (page
More informationV o l c a n o es. Part I Composition. Types of deposits. Types of volcanoes Distribution
V o l c a n o es Part I Composition Types of deposits Types of volcanoes Distribution Volcano: A mound of material that is extruded to the Earth s surface from a vent that is connected to a magma chamber
More informationNATURAL CLIMATIC FORCING Part II
TOPIC #12 NATURAL CLIMATIC FORCING Part II (p 72 in Class Notes) Today we will focus on the third main driver of NATURAL CLIMATIC FORCING: 1) ATRONOMICAL FORCING 2) SOLAR FORCING 3) VOLCANIC FORCING VOLCANIC
More informationAgronomy 406 World Climates
Agronomy 406 World Climates April 3, 2018 Causes of natural climate changes (finish). Schedule is being adjusted. No change to due dates. Bring IPCC Fifth Assessment Report Summary for Policymakers to
More informationA. What is a volcano?
VOLCANISM THE ROCK CYCLE I. Introduction From: Roman god of fire, Vulcan A. What is a volcano? A conical mountain formed around a vent where lava, pyroclastic materials, and gases are erupted. I. Introduction
More informationEffects of Eruptions. Most active in the world Kilauea, Hawaii.
Inside of Old Smokey, All covered with snow, Lurk tons of hot magma, Getting ready to blow, Objectives: From deep in the chamber, Describe how volcanoes can affect people. Up a vent to the top, Describe
More informationThe Quaternary and Pliocene Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field of Wyoming, Idaho and Montana Robert L. Christenson, USGS PP 729-G
The Quaternary and Pliocene Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field of Wyoming, Idaho and Montana Robert L. Christenson, USGS PP 729-G Three Volcanic Cycles of Yellowstone Three extraordinarily large explosive
More informationVolcanoes: Help or Hindrance?
Volcanoes: Help or Hindrance? Volcanic eruptions can range from violent to mild. All kinds of eruptions have effects that can be both harmful and beneficial to people and the environment. Volcanoes Can
More informationA Volcano is An opening in Earth s crust through
Volcanoes A Volcano is An opening in Earth s crust through which molten rock, gases, and ash erupt. Also, the landform that develops around this opening. Kinds of Eruptions Geologists classify volcanic
More informationObjectives: Describe how volcanoes can affect people. Describe conditions that cause volcanoes. Describe the relationship between volcanoes and Earth
Objectives: Describe how volcanoes can affect people. Describe conditions that cause volcanoes. Describe the relationship between volcanoes and Earth s moving plates. Inside of Old Smokey, All covered
More informationNC Earth Science Essential Standards
NC Earth Science Essential Standards EEn. 2.1 Explain how processes and forces affect the Lithosphere. EEn. 2.1.1 Explain how the rock cycle, plate tectonics, volcanoes, and earthquakes impact the Lithosphere.
More informationPhysical Geology, 15/e
Lecture Outlines Physical Geology, 15/e Plummer, Carlson & Hammersley Copyright McGraw-Hill Education, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Volcanism and Extrusive Rocks Physical Geology
More informationCalc-alkaline Volcanic Rocks. Calc-alkali Volcanics. Fabric. Petrography. Compositional Classification. Petrography. Processes.
Calc-alkaline Volcanic Rocks Calc-alkali Volcanics Winter Chapters 16 & 17 Petrography Processes Field relations Volcanic arcs Petrogenesis Petrography Fabric Classification Alteration Fabric Aphanitic
More informationChapter Twelve: Earthquakes
The Changing Earth Chapter Twelve: Earthquakes 12.1 Earthquakes 12.2 Volcanoes Investigation 12B Volcanoes How are volcanoes and plate boundaries related? 12.2 Looking inside a volcano A volcano is where
More informationMultiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
volcano sample test Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Volcanic belts form along a. islands in the Pacific Ocean. b. North American
More informationVolcano an opening in Earth s crust through which molten rock, gases, and ash erupt and the landform that develops around this opening.
Chapter 9 Volcano an opening in Earth s crust through which molten rock, gases, and ash erupt and the landform that develops around this opening. 3 Conditions Allow Magma to Form: Decrease in pressure
More informationDirected Reading. Section: Volcanic Eruptions. light in color is called a. felsic. b. oceanic. c. mantle. d. mafic. dark in color is called
Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Volcanic Eruptions 1. Lava provides an opportunity for scientists to study a. the nature of Earth s inner core. b. the nature of Earth s tectonic plates. c. temperatures
More informationConstructive & Destructive Forces
Constructive & Destructive Forces Intro: Constructive Forces Processes that create landforms. Destructive Forces Processes that destroy landforms. Intro: Constructive Forces Volcanoes Deposition Landslides
More informationVolcanology. The study of volcanoes
Volcanology The study of volcanoes Magma forms wherever temperature and pressure are high enough to melt rock. Some magma forms at the aesthenosphere Magma also forms at plate boundaries, where intense
More information1/31/2013 BASALTIC BASALTIC ANDESITIC RHYOLITIC
Can you predict the location of volcanoes? What is causing this eruption? What factors influence its character? A volcano is any landform from which lava, gas, or ashes, escape from underground or have
More informationHazards in the Seattle Area. Disaster Questions. Where Were You? Where Were You? Volcanoes St. Helens Adams, Rainier, Glacier, Baker
Hazards in the Seattle Area Volcanoes St. Helens Adams, Rainier, Glacier, Baker Earthquakes Outer coast Puget Sound (Seattle Fault & others) Tsunami Outer coast Puget Sound (Seattle Fault & others) Disaster
More informationMagma vs. Lava. Molten rock below Earth s surface is called magma. The magma that reaches the surface and erupts out of a volcano is called lava.
CH. 10.1 Be able to Explain the factors that determine the type of volcanic eruption. List the 3 types of volcanoes Describe the features of a volcano. What is a Volcano? Volcanoes are sites where molten
More informationTAKE HOME EXAM 8R - Geology
Name Period Date TAKE HOME EXAM 8R - Geology PART 1 - Multiple Choice 1. A volcanic cone made up of alternating layers of lava and rock particles is a cone. a. cinder b. lava c. shield d. composite 2.
More informationErupted and killed approximately 15,000 people 200 years ago
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Introduction to Environmental Geology, 5e Chapter 8 Volcanic Activity Volcanoes: summary in haiku form A volcano forms. Magma comes to the surface - explodes, if felsic. Case History: Mt.
More informationEngineering Geology ECIV 2204
Engineering Geology ECIV 2204 2017-2016 Chapter (4) Volcanoes Chapter 4: Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity cataclysmic relating to or denoting a violent natural even Eventually the entire
More informationVolcano: a weak spot in the crust where molten material or magma comes to the surface
Chapter 7 Volcano: a weak spot in the crust where molten material or magma comes to the surface Magma: a molten mixture of rock forming substances, gases and H 2 O from the mantle Volcanic Belts: Form
More informationChapter 5 Volcanoes The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Chapter 5 Volcanoes All eruptions involve magma Magma is molten rock that usually contains some crystals and varying amounts of dissolved gases Lava is erupted magma The behavior
More informationLab 3: Igneous rocks, volcanoes and volcanic hazards
Geology 101 Name(s): Lab 3: Igneous rocks, volcanoes and volcanic hazards Igneous rocks Samples R4 R17 (Tubs 5 18) 1. An igneous rock may be identified by either its texture or its characteristic mineralogy
More informationLecture Outline. The Impacts of Volcano Eruptions on Global Climate Nora Strotjohann, Maike Hansen, Victor Rufus. Volcanic Emissions and Ejecta
Lecture Outline The Impacts of Volcano Eruptions on Global Climate Nora Strotjohann, Maike Hansen, Victor Rufus Volcanic Eruption Emission and Ejecta Eruption Classifications Tectonic Plate Boundaries
More informationDebris Avalanches. Debris avalanche deposits on a volcano in Chile. All of the area in the foreground is buried by a thick debris avalanche.
Debris Avalanches Volcanoes are not very stable structures. From time to time, they collapse producing large rock and ash avalanches that travel at high speeds down valleys. Collapse maybe caused by an
More informationttp://news.discovery.com/earth/iceland-volcano-aurora.html
ttp://news.discovery.com/earth/iceland-volcano-aurora.html Outline Role of volcanism on the climate system Distribution of Arctic volcanoes Types of eruptions Frequency of Arctic eruptions Influence on
More informationS3 IHE GE 2014/Chan ML
S3 IHE GE 2014/Chan ML Formation Types Advantages and Disadvantages of living near/in volcanic areas Introduction Volcano, mountain or hill formed by the accumulation of materials erupted through one or
More informationUGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards
UGRC 144 Science and Technology in Our Lives/Geohazards Session 5 Magma and Volcanism Lecturer: Dr. Patrick Asamoah Sakyi Department of Earth Science, UG Contact Information: pasakyi@ug.edu.gh College
More informationChapter 7 Lecture Outline. Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity
Chapter 7 Lecture Outline Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Mount St. Helens eruption (May 18,1980) Largest historic eruption in North America Lowered peak by more than 400 m Destroyed all trees in
More informationPrentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE
Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 10 Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions Factors Affecting Eruptions Factors that determine the violence of an eruption
More informationChapter 7 Lecture Outline. Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity
Chapter 7 Lecture Outline Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Focus Question 7.1 How were the eruptions of Mount St. Helens and Hawaii s Kilauea volcano different? Mount St. Helens eruption (May 18,1980)
More informationL wave Lahar Lava Magma
Very large collapsed volcanic crater, often containing a lake eg. Lake Taupo The process which provides the force to move the tectonic plates Innermost part of the Earth, made of a liquid outer core and
More informationThe locations of volcanoes are mostly determined by plate tectonics. convergent: tending to move toward one point or to approach each other
Ch. 22.6 Volcanoes The locations of volcanoes are mostly determined by plate tectonics. Review Vocabulary convergent: tending to move toward one point or to approach each other IntroVolcanoes348 I. Zones
More information3.2 Notes: Volcanoes Form as Molten Rock Erupts
3.2 Notes: Volcanoes Form as Molten Rock Erupts Think about What happens when a volcano erupts? Volcanoes erupt many types of material Earth s thin outer layer is, but most of Earth is extremely hot rock
More informationGLG Ch 6: Volcanoes & Volcanic Hazards. 3. Name, describe (DSC) and draw the three types of volcanoes from smallest to largest.
GLG 101 - Ch 6: Volcanoes & Volcanic Hazards Name 6.1 What Is and and Is Not a Volcano? 1. Three common characteristics of a volcano include A B C 2. How did the Hopi Buttes (figure 06 01.b1) form? 3.
More informationGEOL1 Physical Geology Laboratory Manual College of the Redwoods Lesson Five: Volcanoes Background Reading: Volcanoes Volcanic Terms: Silca:
Name: Date: GEOL1 Physical Geology Laboratory Manual College of the Redwoods Lesson Five: Volcanoes Background Reading: Volcanoes Volcanic Terms: Silca: SiO 2 silicon dioxide. This is quartz when it crystallizes.
More informationEarth has more than 600 active volcanoes. An active volcano is one that has erupted within recorded history.
Volcanoes A volcano is an opening in Earth s surface that erupts gases, ash, and lava. These materials pile up in layers around the opening, forming volcanic mountains. Earth has more than 600 active volcanoes.
More informationGuidance for GEOGRAPHY End of Year Examination 2016
Guidance for GEOGRAPHY End of Year Examination 2016 The End of Year Examination takes place in Week 4 of the Summer Term. The Geography Examination will last 50 minutes. The Examination will include questions
More informationWhen Mount St. Helens erupted, trapped gases caused the north side of the mountain to explode. Volcanic ash was ejected high into the atmosphere.
When Mount St. Helens erupted, trapped gases caused the north side of the mountain to explode. Volcanic ash was ejected high into the atmosphere. A volcano is a mountain that forms when magma reaches the
More informationWhy was this eruption important?
Mount St. Helens Mount St. Helens has a long geological history (>3,000 yrs) of explosive eruptions. The 1980 Events: Initial relatively mild steam and ash (Vulcanian) eruptions. Sustained plinian eruption
More informationVolcanoes. Table of Contents Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics Volcanic Eruptions Volcanic Landforms
Volcanoes Table of Contents Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics Volcanic Eruptions Volcanic Landforms What is a volcano? cone Conduit Or Pipe vent Side vent Central vent Crater A volcano is a vent or 'chimney'
More informationOIKOS > volcano > mechanism >types of volcanoes
Main Types of Volcanoes Volcanologists have classified volcanoes into groups based on the shape of the volcano, the materials they are built of, and the way the volcano erupts. The main one can be described
More informationVolcano Unit Pre Assessment. Match the type of volcano to the correct picture by drawing a line to connect the two.
Volcano Unit Pre Assessment Name Matching Match the type of volcano to the correct picture by drawing a line to connect the two. Composite Volcano Shield Volcano Cinder Cone Volcano Multiple Choice Select
More information2/25/2013. Volcanoes: summary in haiku form A volcano forms. Magma comes to the surface - explodes, if felsic.
Introduction to Environmental Geology, 5e Edward A. Keller Chapter 8 Volcanic Activity Volcanoes: summary in haiku form A volcano forms. Magma comes to the surface - explodes, if felsic. Lecture Presentation
More informationGeology of the Hawaiian Islands
Geology of the Hawaiian Islands Class 4 22 January 2004 Turn in Homework #1 Any Questions? IMPORTANT Big Island Field Trip We need a $162 payment for airfare BEFORE January 29 th Description of logistics,
More informationFORCING ANTHROPOGENIC
NATURAL CLIMATIC FORCING Earth-Sun orbital relationships, changing landsea distribution (due to plate tectonics), solar variability & VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS vs. ANTHROPOGENIC FORCING Human-Enhanced GH Effect,
More informationUnit 4 Lesson 4 Volcanoes. Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Magma Magic What is a volcano? A volcano is any place where gas, ash, or melted rock come out of the ground. Many volcanoes are dormant, meaning an eruption has not occurred in a long period of time. What
More informationUnit 8: Internal dynamics of the Earth
Unit 8: Internal dynamics of the Earth 1. The internal heat of the earth 2. Plate tectonics theory 3. Internal geological processes 3.1. Volcanoes 3.2. Earthquakes 3.3. Rock deformation 3.4. Mountain ranges
More informationVolcanoes. Volcanic eruptions can be more powerful than the explosion of an atomic bomb.
Ch. 13 Volcanoes Volcanoes Volcanic eruptions can be more powerful than the explosion of an atomic bomb. Many of these eruptions are caused by the movement of tectonic plates. Volcanism Volcanism-any activity
More information! Profile of Mauna Loa in Hawaii. Mauna Loa is one of five huge shield volcanoes that make up the island of Hawaii.
- Shield Volcanoes - Low, rounded profiles; slope angles 2-10 ; composed of numerous flows of mafic composition and little explosive activity - Largest of all volcanoes! Shield volcanoes consist of numerous
More informationUNIT SIX: Earth s Structure. Chapter 18 Earth s History and Rocks Chapter 19 Changing Earth Chapter 20 Earthquakes and Volcanoes
UNIT SIX: Earth s Structure Chapter 18 Earth s History and Rocks Chapter 19 Changing Earth Chapter 20 Earthquakes and Volcanoes Chapter Twenty: Earthquakes and Volcanoes 20.1 Earthquakes 20.2 Volcanoes
More informationESC1000 Earth Science Summer 2016
ESC1000 Earth Science Summer 2016 As a scientifically literate citizen, what 3 questions would you ask about this volcano if you moved to the city in the foreground (Tacoma, Washington)? Volcanoes (Chapter
More informationName: Answer Key Date: Period:
Name: Answer Key Date: Period: Earth Science Final Exam Study Guide Ch 1: Mapping 1. On the global grid, the equator is at 0 degrees. Is the equator a line of longitude or latitude? Latitude 2. What type
More informationTABLE OF CONTENTS. Student Letter Exploring the Strategies Unit One: Play Unit Two: Fantasy Unit Three: Mystery...
TABLE OF CONTENTS Student Letter........................................... 2 Exploring the Strategies................................... 3 Unit One: Play........................................... 4 Unit
More informationLecture 6 - Igneous Rocks and Volcanoes
Lecture 6 - Igneous Rocks and Volcanoes Learning objectives Understand and be able to predict where and why magma will be forming at different tectonic settings Understand the factors controlling magma
More informationThe Nature of Igneous Rocks
The Nature of Igneous Rocks Form from Magma Hot, partially molten mixture of solid liquid and gas Mineral crystals form in the magma making a crystal slush Gases - H 2 O, CO 2, etc. - are dissolved in
More informationMagma is a complex mixture of liquid, solid and gas
Magma is a complex mixture of liquid, solid and gas Liquid molten silicate Solid early-formed minerals Gas Generally 0.1% to 5% of the magma by weight, but can be as much as 15% >90% of the gas in magma
More informationEarth s Changing Surface
Earth s Changing Surface Earthquakes and Volcanoes Key Concepts What causes earthquakes? What causes volcanoes to form? How do earthquakes and volcanoes change Earth s surface? What do you think? Read
More informationImagine the first rock and the cycles that it has been through.
A rock is a naturally formed, consolidated material usually composed of grains of one or more minerals The rock cycle shows how one type of rocky material gets transformed into another The Rock Cycle Representation
More information12.2 Volcanoes Looking inside a volcano What is a volcano? volcano magma magma chamber lava
12.2 Volcanoes Early explorers noticed that many volcanoes were located near coastlines, but they didn t know why. One volcano that is near a coastline is Mount St. Helens in Washington state. This famous
More informationVOLCANOES. Homework due Wed./Thurs. I have a few copies left, or get by moodle or webpage
VOLCANOES Homework due Wed./Thurs. I have a few copies left, or get by moodle or webpage Bowen s Reaction Series Oceanic basin tectonics http://my.execpc.com/~acmelasr/mountains/geogramsnf.html Icelandic
More information1) Which area has experienced the highest number of fatalities caused by natural disasters? a) North America b) Africa c) Europe d) Asia e) Australia
SIO15 Midterm 1, Monday Oct. 29, 2018 TEST VARIATION: A 1) Which area has experienced the highest number of fatalities caused by natural disasters? a) North America b) Africa c) Europe d) Asia e) Australia
More informationGEOLOGY 285: INTRO. PETROLOGY
Dr. Helen Lang Dept. of Geology & Geography West Virginia University SPRING 2015 GEOLOGY 285: INTRO. PETROLOGY The Cascade Volcanoes are a good example of the Circum- Pacific ring of fire of subductionrelated
More information