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1 Main Types of Volcanoes Volcanologists have classified volcanoes into groups based on the shape of the volcano, the materials they are built of, and the way the volcano erupts. The main one can be described as follow. Shield volcanoes A shield volcano is a large volcano with shallowly-sloping sides and built almost entirely of fluid lava flows. They are formed by lava flows of low-viscosity lava that flows easily. Flow after flow pours out in all directions from a central summit vent, or group of vents, building a broad, gently sloping cone of flat shape. They are built up slowly by the accretion of thousands of highly fluid lava flows called basalt lava that spread widely over great distances, and then cool as types of volcanoes OIKOS > volcano > mechanism >types of volcanoes Generic features A volcano's cone-shaped structure, or edifice, is built by the accumulation of lava and/or pyroclastic material around this central vent, where volcanic material is emitted. The central vent underlies the summit crater of the volcano and it is connected a magma chamber. Volcano flanks often contain fractures or fissures that descend downward toward the central vent. Such fractures may be connected to secondary magma chamber or intercept the ascending magma generating flank eruptions along the sides of the volcanic edifice and producing secondary or parasitic cones. Fractures can also act as conduits for escaping volcanic gases, which are released at the surface through vent openings called fumaroles. Main features of a generic volcano thin, gently dipping sheets. Lavas also commonly erupt from vents along fractures (rift zones) that develop on the flanks of the cone. Many of the largest volcanoes on Earth are shield volcanoes. The largest is Mauna Loa on the Big Island of Hawaii, which projects more than 4,700 metres above sea level, its top is over 8,500 metres above the deep ocean floor; all the volcanoes in the Hawaiian Islands are shield volcanoes. There are also shield volcanoes, for example, in Washington, Oregon, and the Galapagos Islands. Main features of a shied volcano The Piton de la Fournaise, on Reunion Island, is one of the more active shield volcanoes on earth, with one eruption per year on average. n northern California and Oregon, many shield volcanoes have diameters of 4.5 or 6.5 kilometres and heights of 500 to 700 metres. Mauna Loa Volcano in Hawaii. It is the largest shield volcano on Earth is which rises from its base on the seafloor to a height of 17 km

2 The viscosity of magma as it approaches the surface is dependent on its temperature and composition. Shield volcanoes in the Hawaiian Islands erupt magma as hot as 1,200 C (2,200 F), compared with 850 C (1,560 F) for most continental volcanoes, which are usually composed of acidic lava. Because of the fluidity of the lava, major explosive eruptions do not occur. The most severe explosions occur if water enters a vent, although expanding gases in the magma can produce spectacular lava fountains. Shield volcanoes are known to form on other planets. The largest known mountain in the solar system, Olympus Mons on Mars, is a shield volcano thought to be extinct. Shield volcanoes on Mars are higher and much more massive than those on Earth. Stratovolcanoes or Composite volcanoes A stratovolcano, also called a composite volcano, is a tall, conical volcano composed of many layers of hardened lava, tephra, and volcanic ash. These volcanoes are characterized by a steep profile and periodic, explosive eruptions. The lava that flows from them is viscous, and cools and hardens before spreading very far. The source magma is classified as acidic, or high in silica to intermediate (rhyolite, dacite, or andesite). This is in contrast to less viscous basic magma that forms shield volcanoes. Stratovolcanoes are a common feature of subduction zones, forming chains or 'arcs' along tectonic plate boundaries where oceanic crust is subsumed under continental crust (Continental Arc Volcanism, e.g. Cascade Range, central Andes) or another oceanic plate (Island arc Volcanism, e.g. Japan, Aleutian Islands). The magma that forms stratovolcano arises when water, which is trapped both in hydrated minerals and in the porous basalt rock of the upper oceanic crust, is released into mantle rock of the asthenosphere above the sinking oceanic slab. The water freed from the subducting slab lowers the melting point of the overlying mantle rock, which then undergoes partial melting and rises due to its lower density relative to the surrounding mantle rock, and pools temporarily at the base of the lithosphere. The magma then rises through the crust, incorporating silica rich crustal rock, leading to a final intermediate composition. When the magma nears the surface it pools in a magma chamber under the volcano. The relatively low pressure of the magma allows water and other volatiles (CO2, S, Mayon stratovolcano (Island of Luzon, Philippines). Photograph copyrighted and provided by Steve O'Meara of Volcano Watch International Main features of a shied volcano Cl) dissolved in the magma to begin to come out of solution, much like when a bottle of carbonated water is opened. Once a critical volume of magma and gas accumulates, the obstacle provided by the volcanic cone is overcome, leading to a sudden explosive eruption. Cinder cones or scoria cones Cinder cones are the simplest and most common type of volcano found in the world. They are also the smallest one, with heights generally less than 300 meters in height and 500 metres in diameter. The volcanic edifice is built almost entirely of basaltic tephra ejected from a single vent. The tephra is most commonly of lapilli size, although bomb-size fragments and lava spatter may also be present. The tephra fragments typically contain abundant gas bubbles. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into schematic features of a cinder cone.

3 small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone and tephra accumulates as scoria-fall deposits. Cinder cones, being unconsolidated, tend to erode rapidly unless further eruptions occur. Its shape can be modified during its (short) life. When the position of the vent alters, aligned, twin or secant cones develop. Nested, buried or breached cones are formed when the power of the eruption varies. Scoria cones are generated by Strombolian eruptions, which produce eruptive columns of basalt tephra generally only a few hundred meters high. The cones usually grow up in groups and they often occur on the flanks of strato volcanoes and shield volcanoes. A great example of a cinder cone is Paricutín in Mexico. It starts his activity in February 20, 1943 and grew to more than 100 metres in 5 days. Subordinate Volcano Types and other Volcanic Landforms Paricutín cinder cone in Mexico Caldera A caldera is a volcanic feature formed by the collapse of land following a volcanic eruption. The word 'caldera' comes from the Spanish, meaning "kettle or cauldron". A collapse is triggered by the emptying of the magma chamber beneath the volcano, usually as the result of a large volcanic eruption. If enough magma is erupted, the emptied chamber will not be able to support the weight of the volcanic edifice above. Fractures will form around the edge of the chamber, usually in a roughly circular shape. These ring fractures may in fact serve as volcanic vents. As the magma chamber empties, the centre of the volcano within the ring fractures begins to collapse. The collapse may occur as the result of a single massive eruption, or it may occur in stages as the result of a series of eruptions. The total area that collapses may be hundreds or thousands of square kilometres. Erta Al Caldera, Ethiopia. Caldera formation scheme (Source: Lava Domes A lava dome is a roughy circular mound-shaped protrusion resulting from the slow eruption of felsic lava (usually rhyolite and/or dacite) from a volcano. The viscosity, or stickiness, of the lava does not allow for the lava to flow very far from its vent before solidifying. Domes may reach heights of several hundred meters, and can grow slowly and steadily for months or years. The sides of these structures are composed of unstable rock debris. Due to the possibility of the building up of gas pressure, the dome can experience more explosive eruptions over time. When part of a lava dome collapses while it still contains molten rock and gases, it can produce a

4 pyroclastic flow, one of the most lethal forms of a volcanic event. Other hazards associated with lava domes are the destruction of property, forest fires, and lahars triggered by pyroclastic flows near snow and ice. Lava domes are one of the principal structural features of many stratovolcanoes worldwide. Cross-section pf a lava dome Some of the world's most famous active lava domes include those at Mount Merapi in central Java of Indonesia, Soufriere Hills volcano in Montserrat, and Mt. St. Helens in the U.S. state of Washington. Lassen Peak in the northern part of the U.S. state of California is the largest single lava dome in the world and has the distinction of being the only other Cascade volcano besides Mount St. Helens to have erupted ( ) in the 20th Century. Monogenetic volcanic field A monogenetic volcanic field is a volcanic field of small, scattered volcanic vents. These volcanic fields, containing numerous monogenetic volcanoes, are noted for having only one short eruptive event, instead of regular volcanoes that have several eruptive events in their history. Monogenetic fields occur only where the magma supply to the volcano is low or where vents are not close enough or large enough to develop plumbing systems for continuous feeding of magma. Monogenetic volcanic fields can provide snapshots of the underlying region beneath the surface, and may be useful in studying the generation of magma and the composition of the mantle since the single eruption produced would match that of the chamber it erupted from. Examples of monogenetic volcanic fields are Auckland Volcanic Field, underlying much of the city of Auckland, New Zealand and its suburbs and Parícutin in Michoacán, Mexico. Aerial view of a lava dome nestled within Panum Crater, California, which was built by the explosive ejection of tephra. Jordan Craters monogenetic volcanic field in southeast Oregon Fissure Systems and Rift Zones In contrast to the point-source, centralized eruptions that typify most volcanoes, fissure eruptions are generated at several contemporaneous sites along a linear fracture, or along a parallel, but offset, fracture system. Regional fracture systems can appear where the Earth's crust is broken and pulled apart by tensional forces. If these regions are underlain by reservoirs of basaltic magma, this low-viscosity melt will utilize the fractures and Fissure eruption generating a "curtain of fire" on the Kilauea volcano, Hawaii in 1992 Thumblinks/Puuoorift_page.html

5 ascend through the crust to generate a fissure eruption. For example, Mid-oceanic ridges (divergent plate margins) typically extrude basaltic magma from fissure eruptions because these are areas where global-scale extension is coincident with the rise of partially molten asthenosphere. Fissure eruptions are also common on the flanks of many large volcanoes and, therefore, they are not restricted to areas undergoing regional extension. Magma-filled fissures radiating from the summit regions of active volcanoes like Mt. Etna, Mauna Loa, and Kilauea propagate outward from the central vent system. External links Shield volcanoes Hawaiian volcanoes Stratovolcano volcanoes Animation that shows how a stratovolcano develops Shield volcanoes Animation that shows how a caldera develops Caldera Lava dome main contribution to this article from

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