TABLE OF CONTENTS. Student Letter Exploring the Strategies Unit One: Play Unit Two: Fantasy Unit Three: Mystery...

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2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Student Letter Exploring the Strategies Unit One: Play Unit Two: Fantasy Unit Three: Mystery Unit Four: Biography Unit Five: Textbook Chapter Unit Six: Informational Text Glossary of Key Terms ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The series NAVIGATE the Course of Strategic Readers was developed and written by Christopher Forest. Cover design, layout, and typesetting by Pat Lucas.

3 Dear Student, Welcome to NAVIGATE the Course of Strategic Readers, Book D. During the next few months, you will read the stories and articles in this book. As you read, you will practice strategies that will help you become a better reader. These strategies have been studied by reading researchers and have been shown to help people become skilled readers. They are the strategies that strong readers use to help them better understand, and enjoy, a story or article. The eight strategies you will practice are: Asking questions: You will ask questions that you think will be answered in a text, or selection; answer questions about information you have already read; and think about parts of the text that are not clear to you. Determining importance: You will find what is important in a text, and, at the same time, find details that are less important. This information helps you think about the future of the text. Inferring: You will find information that is not directly stated in a text. Making connections: You will relate a text to one that you have already read, to an experience in your life, or to an event. Predicting outcomes: You will make educated guesses about the events that may occur later in a text. Returning to the text: You will return to a text to find information, support your opinions, and understand figurative words and phrases. Summarizing: You will highlight the main points of a text. Visualizing the text: You will use information from a text to create pictures about the text s characters, historical figures, events, settings, and so on. You may be familiar with some of these strategies. Perhaps you use them already. As you use NAVIGATE the Course of Strategic Readers, Book D, you will gain more practice with the strategies. After you have completed this book, you should feel more comfortable using the strategies on your own. Now, read more about the strategies. Then begin navigating a course to become a strategic and proficient reader. 2

4 Unit Five TEXTBOOK CHAPTER Lesson 1 Introduction The text in this unit is Volcanoes: Nature s Fury at a Moment s Notice. Designed like a textbook chapter, the text focuses on a specific topic of study and provides nonfiction, detailed information. Headings, which are usually included in a textbook chapter, prepare readers for what they are about to read. Vocabulary words and important terms are printed in italics; in some textbook chapters, such features may be in boldface. Prereading Activity One: Thinking About the Chapter Think of what you know about volcanoes. Then write five features about volcanoes that you think you will read about in this text

5 Lesson 2 Volcanoes: Nature s Fury at a Moment s Notice Introduction First A large mountain stands before you. There is a hole in its top. From the hole, puffs of smoke gather. Minutes later, the mountaintop looks like a giant fire. Ash shoots out from the top. Rocks spill out from deep inside the mountain. Melted rock flows down the sides. A volcano is in action. Reading Volcanoes are raised areas on the earth where gas, lava, steam, and rocks are forced out. The shape of a volcano depends on what comes out of it. Volcanoes usually shoot out ash that can travel for miles. Many times, rocks come out of volcanoes. The rocks often shoot into the air and travel far. Diamonds have even shot out from some volcanoes in Africa. Most often, lava flows from volcanoes. Reading Activity One: Inferring This passage tells the reader what a volcano is. Reread the passage. How would you define volcano? Volcano: 86

6 Lesson 4 Volcano Activity Fifth Volcanoes may be grouped not only by their landform but also by how often they erupt. An active volcano is one that is erupting now or is showing activity, or signs that it will erupt. Scientists know of about 540 active volcanoes. Stromboli, a volcano near Sicily, is an active volcano. An extinct volcano is a dead volcano: it once erupted but is no longer active. Extinct volcanoes create little danger. Even the paths that magma once made to leave the volcano are no longer there. Scientists consider Mount Kenya, in Africa, to be an extinct volcano. Reading A dormant volcano acts like a confused volcano, as if it doesn t know if it wants to be active or extinct. A dormant volcano is one that erupted in the period between about 5,000 and 10,000 years ago but may erupt again. Because it has not erupted recently, the magma has either returned to a spot deep inside the earth or has been stopped by a plug in the volcano. Usually, a plug is magma that has dried up and hardened over time. It blocks a main path that magma would take to reach the surface of the volcano. Scientists know of about 530 dormant volcanoes. Lassen Peak, in California, is considered a dormant volcano. Reading Activity Five: Summarizing Describe each type of volcano. 1. Active volcano 2. Extinct volcano 3. Dormant volcano 90

7 Seventh Where Volcanoes Are Formed Although volcanoes come in various shapes and sizes, they all form in a similar way. Knowing about the surface and inside of the earth is important for understanding how volcanoes form. The earth is made of three sections, called layers. The center section of the earth is the core. It is liquid rock that surrounds a rock center. Around the core is a layer of hot rock called the mantle. The crust is the third layer, on top of the mantle. The crust is thick and rocky. It contains the oceans and continents. The crust and top part of the mantle are broken into sections, called plates. These are between 5 miles and 120 miles below the surface. The heat inside the earth and the daily turning of the earth cause these plates to move slowly, about four inches in a year. When these plates move, hot liquid rock in the mantle can come to the surface. This is how a volcano forms. Reading Many volcanoes form on land. Indonesia, a group of Southeast Asian islands, has more land volcanoes than any other country: it has 76. Japan has the second largest amount; the United States has the third most. There are at least 53 active volcanoes in the U.S. in Alaska, California, Hawaii, Oregon, and Washington. A large area of the land that surrounds the northern Pacific has so many volcanoes that it is called the ring of fire. Most of the active volcanoes are here. The coasts of eastern Asia and the western coasts of North and South America make up part of this ring. Not all volcanoes form on land. Many form on the ocean floor, often more than a mile below the water s surface. The magma in these volcanoes forms underwater hills or mountains. Some of these become so large that they reach the ocean s surface. If the mountains grow even larger, they form islands. Iceland and Hawaii formed this way. Both areas still have volcano activity. Reading Activity Eight: Making Connections 1. What is another text that you have read that is similar to this one? 2. Tell how the two texts are similar. 93

8 Conclusion Twelfth Volcanoes are landforms filled with magma, ash, and rock waiting to reach the surface. These landforms come in many shapes and erupt in different ways. They are found throughout the world, both on the earth s surface and the oceans floor. Volcanoes act powerfully. Their lava can destroy cities and kill people. The ash that shoots from them and into the atmosphere can cool air temperatures and cause snowy winters. Ash and lava can cause the deaths of animals, people, plants, and trees. The ash can even play a part in creating acid rain and acid snow, which damage lakes, trees, and wildlife. Reading Yet, a volcano can create new land, such as Iceland and Hawaii. Volcanoes can also create new bodies of water. The explosion and caving in of the Mount Mazama volcano helped form Crater Lake, in Oregon. The lake formed about 7,000 years ago, when rainwater collected in the volcano after it had exploded and caved in. The ash from a volcano can help make rich, fertile soil for farming. Volcanoes also create steam that can be used for electric power. Volcanoes are amazing creations of nature. They remind us about what is deep inside the earth. They remind us that the earth can always change... sometimes at a moment s notice. Reading Activity Fourteen: Asking Questions 1. What are two islands that were formed by volcanoes? 2. How did Crater Lake form? 3. Why are volcanoes a wonder of nature? 99

9 Postreading Activity Two: Returning to the Text 1. What word describes a volcano that once erupted but no longer does? A. shield C. extinct B. active D. dormant 2. A cause is the reason that something happens. What caused Mount Vesuvius to erupt the way it did? A. It was so large. B. It was on an island. C. It had too much lava beneath it. D. Its vent was blocked. 3. In what area is the ring of fire? A. United States B. Indonesia C. Pacific Ocean D. Sicily 4. Volcanus was the Roman god of A. magma. C. volcanoes. B. fire. D. lava. 5. A stratovolcano is another name for A. a dormant volcano. B. a composite volcano. C. a shield volcano. D. a Hawaiian volcano. 6. According to the text, what volcano erupted after Mount Saint Helens s famous eruption in the 1980s? A. Paricutin B. Krakatau C. Mount Mazama D. Mauna Loa 7. Magma is called lava when it A. is inside a volcano. B. reaches the earth s surface. C. reaches 2000 F. D. turns to ash. 8. A heading is the title given to a passage in a chapter. What would be another suitable heading for the eighth and ninth readings? A. Parts of a Volcano B. Why Volcanoes Erupt C. Historic Volcanoes D. Volcano Proof 9. What volcano is in the United States? A. Mount Vesuvius B. Mount Ruiz C. Krakatau D. Mauna Loa 10. What volcano is a cinder cone volcano? A. Mauna Loa B. Mount Saint Helens C. Paricutin D. Mount Vesuvius 101

10 Postreading Activity Five: Summarizing Use the organizer to summarize the main ideas of the unit s text. 5 famous volcanic eruptions are 4 volcano terms 3 types of volcano landforms, based on their shape, are 2 effects that a volcano can have are 1 reason that volcanoes are fascinating is Postreading Extension Activity: Making Connections Now that you have read a textbook chapter about volcanoes, read another chapter about volcanoes from a different textbook. Compare the setup and the content of both chapters. 103