GEOLOGY 285: INTRO. PETROLOGY
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1 Dr. Helen Lang Dept. of Geology & Geography West Virginia University SPRING 2015 GEOLOGY 285: INTRO. PETROLOGY
2 The Cascade Volcanoes are a good example of the Circum- Pacific ring of fire of subductionrelated andesitic volcanoes
3 Calc-alkaline Magmas Subalkaline Flat trend on AFM diagram (no Feenrichment) Strongly plagioclase porphyritic Andesite-dominated strato-volcanoes Wider variety of rock types (basalt-andesitedacite-rhyolite suite) than in tholeiitic suites Much more likely to have explosive eruptions than Hawaiian volcanoes
4 AFM Galapagos (tholeiitic) vs. Cascades (calc-alkaline) Cascades and Galapagos Molar AFM F Mole Frn. A 0 M
5 Complex Tectonics of Western North America
6 Cascades Tectonic Setting Young Juan de Fuca Plate is being subducted beneath North America
7 Called Strato-volcanoes or Composite Volcanoes Steep-sided (slopes up to 36 o ) Typically explosive, violent eruptions Composed of lava flows interlayered with pyroclastic material ( composite ) Pyroclastic material - any volcanic material that is ejected from volcanic vents as loose or fragmental material Only 1 / th 100 of the volume of a large shield!!
8 Mount Rainier Little Tahoma Peak Prehistoric Osceola mudflow (5,600 years b.p.) from Rainier reached Tacoma WA (45 miles away) 1963 debris avalanche
9 Mount Hood USGS
10 Eroded Cascade Volcanoes - Mt. Washington and Three-fingered Jack
11 Eroded Volcanoes like Three-fingered Jack show the Composite, Stratiform nature of Cascade volcanoes Sherpa Jeffey
12 South Sister (of the Three Sisters) with Obsidian Flow
13 Once upon a time there was a big volcano called Mount Mazama in southern Oregon... Wizard Island Cinder Cone erupted ~700 yrs ago ~7700 years ago it had a HUGE ash eruption, its magma chamber emptied and its top fell in leaving the caldera called Crater Lake
14 Climactic Ash Flows filled valleys surrounding the Volcano Chamber emptied from the top down producing foam-like ash flows, like a ricepot boiling over. Notice lighter, more felsic material from the top of the chamber is on the bottom; darker, more mafic material from the bottom of the chamber is on top.
15 Back to the Cascades Map
16 Mount Shasta Crater Glass Flow - rhyolite obsidian dome Note great variety of volcanic rock types in a single Cascade volcano Black Butte - basaltic cinder cone
17 Mount St. Helens 1980 Eruption Small earthquakes Small steam and phreatic ash eruptions in March and April 1980 USGS monitoring station set up north of the mountain on Coldwater Ridge May North side of mountain began to bulge, many micro-earthquakes, eruption was imminent; red-zone closed See USGS Professional Paper 1250 (1981) for much more information and pictures
18 8:32 AM 5/18/80 Magnitude 5.1 earthquake triggered the Big Eruption The unstable bulge on the North side collapsed and exposed magma in a shallow chamber to air Gas bubbles formed instantaneously in the magma causing expansion, a shock wave and a big ash eruption Most of the force of the eruption was directed horizontally to the North Only 57 people died in the eruption
19 Vancouver! Vancouver! This is it... David Johnston Photo of Dave at Coldwater II, May 17
20 Photos taken from a ridge about 10 miles NE of the summit Gary Rosenquist photos made reconstruction of the eruption sequence possible
21 Rosenquist 4 and 5
22 Rosenquist 6 & 8
23 Rosenquist 10
24 Reconstructed Eruption Sequence
25 After the first few minutes, the ash erupted upward and drifted ENE with the prevailing winds (Plinian eruption)
26 Effects of May 18, 1980 eruption National Geographic, January 1981, special Mt. St. Helens issue
27 Ash flows Aug. 7, 1980 ash flow (USGS) Aug. 7, 1980 deposit on Aug. 8 (HL)
28 Dome growth may eventually fill the crater 1986 The dome October eruptions, first in more than a decade, expanded the dome 2005
29 Dome growth may eventually fill the crater The dome The most recent activity was
30 Before and After May 18, 1980 National Geographic, 1981
31 We think Mount St. Helens 1980 was a big deal 1816 the year without a summer Pinatubo 1991 ~5 cubic km By comparison to other eruptions of subduction-related volcanoes, it was tiny! >1000 km 3 = Supervolcano (Elements, 2008) National Geographic
32 Volcanic Hazards Directed blast Hot ash flows, lava flows Airfall ash (threatens airplanes) Mudflows = lahars Mixture of melted ice, debris, water, and ash Threaten people, cities and towns far away Lahars from Mt. Rainier could threaten Seattle and/or Tacoma
33
34 USGS-USAID - Volcano Disaster Assistance Program (VDAP) Established after volcanic disaster in Columbia (Armero) in 1985 (23,000 killed in mudflow) VDAP is a mobile, well equipped team of experienced volcanologists who can respond whenever a volcano crisis threatens anywhere in the world VDAP monitoring and successful prediction of 1991 eruption at Pinatubo saved thousands of lives
35 Cascades Tectonic Setting
36 Reconstructed Eruption Sequence
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