A Rock is A group of minerals that have been put together in several different ways.
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1
2 A Rock is A group of minerals that have been put together in several different ways.
3 Depending on how they are put together, rocks are classified as: 1. Sedimentary 2. Igneous 3. Metamorphic
4 Sedimentary Rocks are formed by several different processes.
5 1. Deposition, Compaction and Cementation (Lithification) of Sediments.
6 2. Crystallization or Chemical Reaction of Minerals in Solution in water.
7 Igneous Rocks are formed by the Crystallization, by Cooling and Hardening, of molten Magma (molten rock below ground) or Lava (molten rock above ground).
8 Metamorphic rocks are formed by the Recrystallization or Chemical Change of minerals due to Heat and/or Pressure.
9 Let s Focus on
10 How are Igneous Rocks Classified?
11 Igneous Rocks are classified based upon several different qualities or characteristics: 1. Mineral Composition 2. Location of Crystallization 3. Texture of Grain Size
12 1. Igneous rocks are identified based upon Mineral Composition (high or low Silica content)
13 High Silica rocks are called Felsic Igneous Rocks and are light in color.
14 Felsic Rocks and Minerals
15 Silica-Rich, or Felsic Rocks Igneous rocks that have a Silicate composition of 65% or more are considered to be Felsic.
16 Low Silica rocks are called Mafic Igneous Rocks, and are dark in color.
17 Mafic Rocks
18 Silica-Poor, or Mafic Rocks Igneous rocks that have a Silicate composition of 45-50% or less are considered to be Mafic.
19 Igneous rocks that have a Silicate composition of 50-65% are considered to be Intermediate or Andesitic (named after a rock made from a mixture of Mafic magma and minerals from Felsic country rock ).
20 Igneous rock can be classified by Silica and Oxide content
21 Pure Silica
22 2. Igneous Rocks are identified based upon where they are formed (above or below ground).
23 Igneous rocks formed underground from Magma are called Plutonic or Intrusive rocks. Notice the large crystals
24 Igneous rocks formed above ground from lava are called Extrusive or Volcanic rocks. Felsite Obsidian Rhyolite
25 3. Igneous Rocks are identified based upon Texture (size of mineral crystals) Glassy Large-Grained
26 Texture of Grain Size is evidence of rate of cooling; The faster magma or lava cools, the smaller the size of the crystals in the solidified material will be. Pumice Obsidian
27 When Magma cools slowly underground, large crystals have time to form. Therefore, Igneous rocks with large crystals are most likely Plutonic.
28 When Lava cools rapidly above ground, crystals have a limited time to form. Therefore, Igneous rocks with small or no crystals are most likely Volcanic.
29 Igneous Rock Textures
30 Obsidian-Glassy Felsic
31 Basalt- Fine-grained Mafic
32 Andesite- Fine-grained Intermediate
33 Rhyolite- Fine-grained Felsic
34 Granite- Coarse-grained Felsic
35 Diorite- Coarse-grained Intermediate
36 Gabbro- Coarse-grained Mafic
37 Pumice- Vesicular Felsic
38 Vesicular Basalt- Mafic
39 Scoria-Vesicular Mafic
40 Basalt Porphyry- Mafic
41 Rhyolite Porphyry-Felsic
42 Andesite Porphyry- Intermediate
43 How does Mineral Composition of magma or lava affect an Igneous Rock or the molten material that it forms from?
44 High Silica content causes Felsic Magma to be thick, or viscous, and slow-flowing.
45 Felsic Dome
46 Felsic Dome
47
48
49
50
51 Low Silica content causes Mafic Magma to be thin or low-viscosity, and fast-flowing.
52
53
54
55
56
57
58 Flood Basalt Plateau
59 Igneous rock can be classified based on where they were formed. (location of Crystallization)
60 Intrusive Igneous Rock forms structures such as
61 Dikes Dike: Sheet-like Igneous rock that cuts across the structure of pre-existing rock.
62 Dike
63 Volcanic Dike Volcanic Neck
64
65
66 This would form a Dike.
67 Sills Sills: Sheet-like Igneous rock that lies parallel to the layering of pre-existing rock.
68 Sill
69 Sill
70 Laccoliths Laccoliths: A Laccolith is a vertically developed sill.
71 Exposed/Eroded Laccoliths
72 Batholiths Batholiths: A Batholith is a large Plutonic mass of Igneous Rock (old Magma bubble ).
73
74 Halfdome- Yosemite, California
75 Enchanted Rock-Texas
76
77
78 Extrusive Igneous Rock forms structures such as
79 Felsic Lava Flows
80 Mafic Lava Flows Pahoehoe Lava
81 Domes
82 Flood Basalt Plateaus- Mafic Lava
83
84
85 Tephra or Ash Deposits
86
87
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89 Volcanic Cones
90 Composite Cone (lava and Tephra)- Felsic
91 Cinder Cone- Mafic Lava
92 Shield Cone-Mafic Lava
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