Correlation of tectonic units from the Alps to Western Turkey

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1 Correlation of tectonic units from the Alps to Western Turkey Stefan M. Schmid (ETH Zürich) with Daniel Bernoulli, Bernhard Fügenschuh, Alexandre Kounov, Liviu Matenco, Roland Oberhänsli, Senecio Schefer, Kamil Ustaszewski & Douwe van Hisnsbergen

2 the Mediterranean collision zone Eurasia = Lower Plate Africa & Adria = Lower Plate????

3 GENERAL OVERVIEW

Continental blocks and two oceans (Alpine Tethys & Neotethys) undeformed foreland Upper plate Adria: ALCAPA Western Vardar (including Dinaric Ophiolites, Mirdita, Pindos, Almopias,

4 Continental blocks and two oceans (Alpine Tethys & Neotethys) undeformed foreland Upper plate Adria: ALCAPA Western Vardar (including Dinaric Ophiolites, Mirdita, Pindos, Almopias, Meliata-Maliac-mélanges): obducted in Latest Jurassic times onto Adria margin Lower plate Adria: TISZA: mixed Europe and Adria affinity Eastern Vardar (including Transylvanian Ophiolites EUROPE: & ophiolites Dacia of Circum-Rhodope Belt) Circum-Rhodopes obducted Rhodopes or thrust in Late Sakarya Jurassic times onto European margin Schmid et al In prep. Dinarides Hellenides Taurides Ophiolites of Turkey obducted in Late Cretaceous times onto Adria margin

5 Schmid et al Paleogeography Stampfli & Borel 2004 Alpine Tethys Dercourt et al oceans only! Alpine Tethys Neotethys: Meliata-Maliac & Vardar Mid-Jurassic intra-oceanic subduction Late Jurassic Neotethys = Meliata-Vardar Ocean Late Cretaceous Lower Cretaceous

6 LATE JURASSIC OBDUCTION A KEY FOR UNDERSTANDING THE DISTRIBUTION OF OPHIOLITES

7 THE GENERAL SCENARIO opening of Meliata Ocean opening of Vardar Ocean Metamorphic sole formation obduction opening of Alpine Tethys Schmid et al. 2008

8 THE OPHIOLITIC MÉLANGE (= WILDFLYSCH ) 1. OLISTOLITHS FROM HANGINGWALL AND DISTAL CARBONATE PLATFORM 2. SLIVERS SCRAPED-OFF FROM FOOTWALL

Obduction of Vardar-Neotethys in the Late Jurassic Kinematics of obduction: on average top WNW, almost parallel strike of future Dinarides-Hellenides Othrys Greece NOTE: both

9 Obduction of Vardar-Neotethys in the Late Jurassic Kinematics of obduction: on average top WNW, almost parallel strike of future Dinarides-Hellenides Othrys Greece NOTE: both Adria (incl. ALCAPA) and Europe (TISZA & DACIA) are in a lower plate position Eastern Vardar Triassic Meliata-Maliac ocean floor Western Vardar Jurassic ocean floor Schmid et al

10 How many oceans? Basically only 2: Alpine Tethys and Neotethys!!!!! Alpine Tethys: Valaisan & Piemont-Liguria Western Vardar (including Dinaric Ophiolites, Mirdita, Pindos, Almopias, Meliata-Maliac-mélanges): obducted in Latest Jurassic times onto Adria margin Sava-Izmir-Ankara Neotethys Suture Zone Suturing at around Cretaceous-Cenozoic boundary No convincing evidence for Ceahlau-Severin the existence of a Pindos Ocean : 1. Nowhere is an ophiolitic basement known 2. Pelagonia and Drina-Ivanjica are parts of Adria and not docked terranes 3. Ophiolites in Pindos Mountains are part of the W-Vardar ophiolites 4. Protoliths of the Cycladic blueschist belt are Adria-derived carbonates and Triassic-age mafics Eastern Vardar (including Transylvanian Ophiolites & ophiolites of Circum-Rhodope Belt) obducted or thrust in Late Jurassic times onto European margin Ophiolites of Western Turkey obducted in Late Cretaceous times onto Adria margin

11 ALCAPA AND ALPS-DINARIDES TRANSITION

12 ALPS AND DINARIDES HAVE OPPOSITE SUBDUCTION POLARITES ALPS: Adria in upper plate position DINARIDES: Adria in lower plate position SCHMID ET AL. 2008

13 RETRODEFORMATION OF POST-20 MA DISPLACEMENTS & ROTATIONS NE SW USTASZEWSKI ET AL. 2008

14 Present-day architecture of the lithospheric plates roll-back & delamination leading to Mio-Pliocene magmatism USTASZEWSKI ET AL. 2008

15 THE DINARIDES AND HELLENIDES

The Dinarides: composite nappes formed after obduction Drina-Ivanjica nappe =Pelagonian massif with obducted W-Vardar Jadar- block with obducted W-Vardar Miocene thrust front of the Southern Alps

16 The Dinarides: composite nappes formed after obduction Drina-Ivanjica nappe =Pelagonian massif with obducted W-Vardar Jadar- block with obducted W-Vardar Miocene thrust front of the Southern Alps Dalmatian zone = Kruja Budva-Cukali-Krasta = Pindos trough Sava-belt ophiolites W-Vardar ophiolites E-Vardar & Transylvanian ophiolites High Karst Prekarst & Bosnian flysch East Bosnian- Durmitor nappe With obdducted W-Vardar Schmid et al Europe: = Carpatho-Balkan orogen

17 Drina-Ivanjica composite Nappe: includes obducted Dinaridic ophiolites Profile through the Dinarides DISTAL APULIA OBDUCTED BY OPHIOLITES Jadar-Kapaonik composite block: includes obducted W-Vardar PALEOGENE SUTURE Sava-belt ophiolites E-Vardar & Transylvanian ophiolites UPPER PLATE = EUROPE Carpatho- Balkan orogen & Moesia = Upper Plate Adria Plate ADRIA-VERGING DINARIDES-HELLENIDES: LATE CRETACEOUS TO Dalmatian zone High Karst CENOZOIC Budva-Cukali =Pindos trough EXTERNAL ADRIATIC PLATFORM Prekarst & Bosnian flysch EUROPE-VERGING CARPATHO-BALKAN OROGEN: East Bosnian- Durmitor composite nappe: includes obducted Dinaridic ophiolites LATE JURASSIC TO EARLY CRETACEOUS INTERNAL ADRIATIC PLATFORM

Cretaceous to Paleogene Sava suture ADRIATIC SLAB Late

18 Present-day plate boundary in the external Dinarides Present-day plate convergence off-shore Dalmatia Late Cretaceous to Paleogene Sava suture ADRIATIC SLAB Late Eocene-Miocene back-arc magmatism courtesy Wim Spakman 2010 Vrancea slab = European slab

Eocene to Miocene magmatism & back-arc extension Schefer et al.

19 SE-directed slab retreat and migration of arc magmatism in the upper plate in respect to the Dinarides & Hellenides Late Eocene to Miocene magmatism & back-arc extension Schefer et al. in press Late Cretaceous and Paleogene Magmatism & back-arc extension

20 Extension of the Dinaridic logic into the Albanide and Hellenides does not create problems at all; Turkey largely different; Rhodopes? Ionian Zone Gavrovo-Tripolitza = Dalmatian Mirdita, Almopias, Pindos,Vourinos etc. ophiolites = W-Vardar ophiolites Circum-Rhodope belt = E-Vardar ophiolites Pindos = Budva Parnassos = high Karst Beotian flysch = Pre-Karst Pelagonian = Drina-Ivanjica Turkish ophiolites obducted in Late Cretaceous times Izmir-Ankara = Sava Zone Europe: = Carpatho-Balkan orogen Sakarya?RHODOPES?

21 Estimate of Africa-Europe convergence in the Hellenides mantle tomography Hafkenscheid et al.1998 Plate tectonic reconstruction Norton W 2300km since 200ma 200 E 1200? >2100km subducted >600km pre-65ma >600km pre-65ma subduction of oceanic Neotethys located between Pelagonia and Europe

22 THE REAL CARPATHIANS & THE CARPATHO-BALKAN OROGEN

23 DACIA: EAST CARPATHIANS AND SOUTH CARPATHIANS Dacia forms the backbone of the East and South Carpathians The Ceahlau ocean was sutured to Dacia during Early Cretaceous orogeny Schmid et al

the Ceahlau oceanic unit, with Moesia across the

formed in early Cretaceous times Ceahlau oceanic suture

24 Profile through the East Carpathians and Tisza Soft collision of a Cretaceous orogen ( Dacia ), including the Ceahlau oceanic unit, with Moesia across the Miocene thrust belt DACIA = Bucovinian nappe stack formed in early Cretaceous times Ceahlau oceanic suture formed in Cretaceous Schmid et al Miocene fold-and thrust belt

upper plate in respect to the E-directed subduction of the W-Vardar

25 Profile through the Serbian-Bulgarian Carpatho-Balkan The Mid-Cretaceous E-facing nappe stack of thecarpatho-balkan forms the upper plate in respect to the E-directed subduction of the W-Vardar which occurred later, i.e. at around the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary Schmid et al

26 CENOZOIC OROCLINAL BENDING IN THE SOUTH CARPATHIANS present Middle Miocene Lower Miocene Late Eocene Latest Cretaceous BANATITES back arc magmatism of Dinarides & Hellenides Fügenschuh and Schmid 2005

27 THE RHODOPES

28 Rhodopes: a part of the Carpatho-Balkan orogen or of the Hellenides? Sandulescu 1984 Schmid et al 1998 Kounov et al 2010 Late Jurassic to Mid-Cretaceous Europe-facing orogeny Carpatho-Balkan, Circum-Rhodope until mid-cretaceous Okay et al 2001 Bonev & Stampfli 2008 Late Cretaceous to recent Adria-facing orogeny in the Dinarides & Hellenides

29 Summary 1. Western Vardar obducted onto Adria in Jurassic times 2. Eastern Vardar obducted onto Europe in Jurassic times 3. Sava-Izmir-Ankara suture closes the non-obducted rest of Neotethys in Late Cretaceous-Early Paleogene times 4. Nappe stack of internal Dinarides-Hellenides comprises composite nappes consisting of Adria margin plus previously obducted W-Vardar ophiolites 5. Upper plate consists of an earlier Europe-facing Carpatho-Balkan orogen 6. Rhodopes: change of subduction polarity in Mid-Cretaceous??

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. Geophysics

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT. Geophysics NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Geophysics Geodynamics Alpine, Carpathian and Dinaric mountain belts surround the Pannonian (Carpathian) Basin, of Neogene through Quaternary in age. The Cenozoic evolution of the Alpine-Pannonian