Plaattektoniek en Mickey Mouse: de bewegingen van de Aarde en de geologie van Marokko. G. Bertotti - TUDelft

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1 Plaattektoniek en Mickey Mouse: de bewegingen van de Aarde en de geologie van Marokko G. Bertotti - TUDelft

2 Moving continents Continent with matching boundaries Same fauna in different continents Similar rocks in unexpected places

3 Moving continents Very accurate displacement vectors Rigid plates with mobile margins Oceanic ridges Subduction zones Transform zones

4 how does it function?

5 The motor A simple kinematics; simple physics No changes Oceanic crust is created at ridges Oceanic crust is eliminated at subduction zones

6 Mickey Mouse In reality Something does not work

7 Evidence #1: the birth of rifts The East African rift A new plate boundary is being formed

8 Continental rifts and passive continental margins b) 0 depth (k m) Neogene Paleogene Cretaceous Jurassic 200 Middle - Upper Triassic?Devonian - Lower Triassic Basement Moho?? High velocity body (+8 km/s) In tra man tle reflections distance (km) 50 the North Sea 0 Moho If extension continues, break-up occurs and two passive continental margins are formed

9 Evidence #2: end of convergence, birth of a mountain belt Continent-continent collision

10 Continent-continent collision No way Mickey Mouse can do this Change in plate kinematics is needed

11 Continent-continent collision

12 Mickey-Mouse plate tectonics Fails to explain major features Major advance in knowledge during the last years 1) Tomography 2) Numerical modelling of mantle processes

13 tomography Deviations from an assumed velocity model are measured Assuming that waves are travelling through a homogeneous medium then velocity changes are controlled by temperature

14 Physically speaking, not obvious: rocks keep their temperature (difference) for a very long time The case of subduction zones Courtesy of T. Becker

15 Tomography: extension and subduction Western Europe Japan

16 Detailed subduction Japan more at depth With more detail The 650km discontinuity

17 The 650km discontinuity Spinel changes to perovskite, with a 10% increase in density and corresponding increase in seismic velocities olivine spinel perovskite It forms a strong barrier to further subduction and makes less constant something which is constant at the surface

18 Going deeper A fairly simple picture at depth

19 Going at 2800km depth Xiang Li & Zhong 2010

20 Mantle structure Complex uppermost 700km Simple structure beneath 700km with two superplumes separated by areas of descending mantle How do they interact? Faccenna et al., 2012

21 Modelling mantle convection Courtesy of S. Zhong downward moving upward moving Huge progress in the very difficult field of mantle convection

22 Deep and shallow 75Myr 125Myr 155Myr 183Myr 198Myr 232Myr

23 Xiang Li & Zhong Ma ciclicity

24 New plate tectonics A multiscale process with large wavelength, mantle driven processes, interacting and disrupting shorter wavelengths, lithosphere driven phenomena

25 Creating mountains and sedimentary basins Isostasy, the law of floating bodies H z ρ 2 ρ 1 h 1 ( h 1 h H = H ) ρ = ρ h ( ρ2 ρ1) ρ 1

26 density root (km) height (km) 2, , ,

27 Isostasy works very well But not everywhere: dynamic topography

28 Dynamic topography Too low Too high dynamic contribution (slab) dynamic contribution isostasy isostasy actual topography actual topography Faccenna

29 Dynamic topography The place to look for: Africa, especially its southern part (too) high elevations, very large wavelength

30 Dynamic topography High mountains, strong erosion Good for Namibia!

31 Morocco Something on our work on Morocco Great country with beautiful geology

32 A classic Atlantic-type continental margin oceanic crust born 175 Ma: after 175Ma, passive margin stage

33 Upper Cretaceous shallow marine (post-extension) Paleozoic + isolated Triassic patches (pre-extension) A well-behaved margin?

34 Low-temperature geochronology Fission 238 U creates tracks which are annealed when temperatures are above 120⁰ and accumulate when temperatures are lower 30µm Dating the moment when rocks cooled below a given temperature (= became shallower than 2-3km)

35 Low-temperature geochronology

36 Surprises come! Upper Cretaceous shallow marine Ghorbal et al., 2008 Paleozoic + isolated Triassic patches 131±9/147±7 117±8/146±11 Rocks move upward during the passive continental stage

37 A domain with strong exhumation Flanked by one with strong subsidence 1100km

38 The applied side

39 A widespread phenomenon The Pandora box stage

40 Conclusions? An exciting planet!

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