Spaceborne radar applications in Geology
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1 ESATM-17 December 2005 Spaceborne radar applications in Geology An introduction to imaging radar, and application examples of ERS SAR in Geology and Geomorphology European Spate Agency Agente spatiale europeenne
2 Table of contents Abstract List of Figures Preamble Part I - Introduction to SAR iii ix xiii 1. Radar basic characteristics 1.1 Introduction The electromagnetic spectrum Basic characteristics of SAR data Geometric and radiometric distortions in SAR imagery References SAR data post-processing 2.1 Introduction Brief description of ERS SAR product specifications Image filtering Integrated use of radar and radar/optical imagery References Data processing in SAR interferometry 3.1 Introduction Interferometry concepts and applications Practical hints for interferometry Principles of radar image analysis 4.1 Radar characteristics of natural objects Extraction of geological features from ERS SAR imagery Radar characterisation of geological objects Radar imagery of meteorite impact craters on Earth Detection and mapping of neotectonic activity 5.1 Earthquake Volcanism Mining Subsidence Conclusions References 5-14 Part II - Case studies Overview of the case studies II-iii 6. Detection of structures related to strike-slip deformation Case study: the Erzincan area along the North Anatolian Fault (Turkey) 6.1 Geological framework Analysis of SAR ERS images References 6-6
3 ESA TM-17 Spaceborne radar applications in Geology 7. Karst features Case study: Collision area of Eastern Anatolia 7.1 Geologic framework Approach Analysis of the Afsin-Elbistan region References Analysis of active lahar events Case study: SAR ERS imagery of the Pinatubo (Philippines) 8.1 Overview of the studied event SAR image dated 9 July SAR image dated 13 August Colour composition References Drainage systems in desert areas covered by sand veil Case study: Southern Tanezrouft system (Sahara) 9.1 Overview of the studied area Analysis of southern Tamanrasset-El Djouf system Tectonic deformations Conclusions References Rain and flood effects Case study: Vaison-la-Romaine area (France) 10.1 Maps of the studied area Approach Image analysis Conclusion Morphology analysis and foreshortening effects Case study: Rift tectonics in the West Afar Margin 11.1 Geologic framework ERS SAR data analysis References Morphology and major faults Case study: Large shear zones between the Dinarides-Albanides-Hellenides and the Balkans 12.1 Geological framework Data and image processing Analysis Reference Evidence of mountain uplift from slope analysis using SAR ERS image Case study: The Alps 13.1 Geological context SAR ERS image Interpretation from ECORS-CROP profile References 13-4
4 14. Lithofacies change revealed by SAR ERS imagery Case study: the sigmoid of Przemysl, Carpathians 14.1 Regional geological framework The sigmoid of Przemysl Analysis of the SAR ERS imagery Model of evolution References SAR ERS images used to relate tectonics to shape and distribution of volcanic vents Case study: Iceland 15.1 Geodynamic setting Satellite imagery analysis Tectonics Volcanic vents Geometric relationships between tectonic features and vents References Expression of morpho-structures on SAR ERS imagery - escape tectonics at a front belt Case study: SW Irian Jaya (West Papua) 16.1 Geologic framework Morphotectonics and satellite imagery analysis Early compression Aiduna fault zone: wrenching followed by normal faulting Late escape tectonics References Texture analysis for geological mapping in tropical Africa Case study: Cote d'lvoire 17.1 Regional geological context Local geomorphological context Method of analysis Lithologic mapping New mapping of the granites Distinction within the volcano-sedimentary series Mapping of known ductile faults New mapping of faults Conclusions References Detection of active compressional structures on SAR ERS imagery Case study: the Central Japan seismic area 18.1 Structural framework SAR ERS imagery Observations and interpretations Conclusions References 18-8
5 ESA TM-17 Spaceborne radar applications in Geology 19. Radar imagery observation Case study: the "Levant" transform structure in Lebanon 19.1 Geologic framework Satellite imagery analysis References 19-7 Part III - Potential applications of ERS SAR data 20. Monitoring sea ice 20.1 Drilling activities in polar regions Offshore operations Coastal zones 21.1 Ocean floor and coastal zone surveys References Open ocean 22.1 Sea surface height Seafioor mapping Marine gravity anomaly measurements References 22-6 Annexes Annex A: Key points of ESA SAR missions and data application On the oceans A-l On land A-l Envisat A-2 Annex B: Finding out more Annex C: Geological timescale Annex D: Glossary B-l C-l D-l
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