Earth s Continents and Seafloors. GEOL100 Physical Geology Ray Rector - Instructor
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1 Earth s Continents and Seafloors GEOL100 Physical Geology Ray Rector - Instructor
2 OCEAN BASINS and CONTINENTAL PLATFORMS Key Concepts I. Earth s rocky surface covered by of two types of crust Dense, thin, low-standing oceanic crust Light, thick, high-standing continental crust II. Seafloor is divided into two topographic regions Shallow continental margins Deep-sea oceanic basins III. Continental margins and Deep Ocean basins are fundamentally different Composition Structure Age Tectonic origin IV. Ocean basins are rugged and have a wide variety of topographic features Mid-oceanic ridges and Transform fracture systems Abyssal Hills and Plains Oceanic islands, Seamounts, and Guyots Trenches and Island Arcs
3 Earth s Layers
4 Earth s Interior
5 Earth s Solid-Surface Topography
6 Topography of Earth s Ocean Basins
7 Topography of Pacific Ocean Basin
8 Elevation Relief Profile of Earth Surface 1. Sea level 2. Continental shelf 3. Continental slope 4. The deep ocean floor 5. Mean depth of ocean = 4 km below sea level 6. Mean altitude of land = 1 km above sea level 7. Mt. Everest = 8848m 8. Marianas Trench = 11022m
9 Earth s Continents and Ocean Basins 1) Two Different Types of Crust Continental - Granitic Oceanic - Gabbroic 2) Continental Crust Lighter (2.7 g/ml) Thicker (30 km) High Standing (1 km elev.) 3) Oceanic Crust Denser (2.9 g/ml) Thinner (7 km) Low Standing (- 4 km elev.)
10 Two Primary Types of Earth Crust 1) Two Different Types of Crust Continental = Granitic Oceanic = Gabbroic 2) Continental Crust Lighter (2.7 g/ml) Thicker (30 km) High Standing (1 km elev.) 3) Oceanic Crust Denser (2.9 g/ml) Thinner (7 km) Low Standing (- 4 km elev.) Oceanic Crust Gabbroic Rock Continental Crust Granitic Rock
11 Four Principle Methods of Mapping the Ocean Bottom 1. Ship-based Sonar 2. Satellite-based Radar 3. Ship-based Seismic Reflection 4. Submersible Survey
12 Means of Mapping the Ocean Bottom Sonar
13 Means of Mapping the Ocean Bottom Satellite Radar Use of space-based radar to reflect off ocean surface, giving a very precise sea surface profile; sea surface profile anomalies closely mimic the underlying seafloor profile
14 Means of Mapping the Ocean Bottom Seismic Reflection Use of underwater explosions to penetrate seafloor with seismic waves that reflect back, providing a subsurface image
15 Means of Mapping the Ocean Bottom Deep Sea Drilling Use of underwater drilling to penetrate seafloor and recover core samples of seafloor down to depths of over 3000 meters
16 Two Primary Types of Earth Crust Oceanic Continental
17 Cross-Section Profile of an Ocean Basin Large-Scale Ocean Bottom Features Continental shelf, slope, and rise Abyssal plains and hills Mid-ocean ridge and rift valley Oceanic islands, seamounts, and guyots Ocean trench
18 Cross-Section of the North Atlantic Ocean Basin
19 AGE OF EARTH S OCEAN BASINS Oceanic lithosphere is youngest at mid-ocean ridges and oldest along margins of ocean basins no older than 200 myo!
20 Major Crustal Provinces Black-circled regions are called shields or cratons Precambrian rock that make up the cores of continents
21 Age Profiles of Continents Continental lithosphere is oldest in center and youngest along continental margins the oldest rocks are up to 3.8 byo!
22 AGE PROFILE OF NORTH AMERICA Tectonic Provinces of North America: (Ages are in Billions of Years)
23 Continental Margins of the World Submerged continental margins are shown in pale orange color
24 Two Types of Continental Margins Passive = Constructive = Atlantic Type Active = Destructive = Pacific Type Passive Margins Broad shelves Subdued coastline Little to no tectonic activity No Plate Boundary Active Margins Narrow shelves Rugged coastline Tectonically active Plate Boundary
25 Active versus Passive Margins Excellent Example: South America Active = West Coast Passive = East Coast
26 Continental Margin Features Major Features Continental Shelf Continental Slope Slope Break Continental Rise Submarine Canyons
27 Turbidity Sedimentation
28 Passive Continental Margin Example: Eastern Siberia -- Arctic Ocean Basin
29 Earth s Deep-Sea Basin Features Mid-Oceanic Ridge and Transform Fracture Systems Abyssal Hills and Plains Seamounts and Guyots Oceanic Islands and Plateaus Trenches and Island Arcs Profile: North Atlantic Ocean Basin
30 Mid-Ocean Ridge and Fracture Systems Key Points Mid-ocean ridge systems represent the most extensive chain of active mountains on Earth Active faulting and volcanism Sea bottom is covered by rugged bedrock of young pillow basalt Little to no pelagic sediment Site of active hydrothermal vents
31 Mid-Ocean Ridge and Fracture Systems Key Points Mid-ocean ridge systems represent the most extensive chain of active mountains on Earth Active faulting and volcanism Sea bottom is covered by rugged bedrock of young pillow basalt Little to no pelagic sediment Site of active hydrothermal vents
32 Mid-Ocean Ridge Hydrothermal Vents
33 Abyssal Plains and Hills Key Points Thick pelagic sediment covers a rugged subsurface bedrock of basalt Abyssal plains are the flattest, most featureless provinces on Earth Abyssal hills are tops of seamounts sticking out Abyssal plains and hills cover the most extensive tracts of ocean seafloor Subsurface imaging of abyssal plains and hills from seismic reflection studies and deep sea drilling
34 Abyssal Plains and Hills Key Points Abyssal sediments are predominately clays and oozes Soft pelagic sediment is loaded with benthic organisms Benthic organisms crawl over and and burrow through the sediment = Bioturbation
35 PLATE TECTONICS and the SEAFLOOR Seafloor Spreading Subduction Transform Faulting Continental Rifting and Collision Hot Spots
36 Seafloor Ridge and Trench Map
37 Earth Processes That Create Seafloor Features Continental Margins 1) Features resulting from Continental Rifting Continental Shelf and Slope Deep-Sea Oceanic Basins 1) Features generated by Seafloor Spreading Mid-Ocean Ridges and Fracture Systems Oceanic Islands, Seamounts and Plateaus 2) Features generated by Subduction Trenches and Island Arcs Forearc Islands 3) Features resulting from Sedimentary processes Abyssal Plains and Hills Continental Rises Submarine Canyons
38 OCEAN BASINS and CONTINENTAL PLATFORMS Summary of Concepts I. Earth s rocky surface covered by of two types of crust Dense, thin, low-standing oceanic crust Light, thick, high-standing continental crust II. Seafloor is divided into two topographic regions Shallow continental margins Deep-sea oceanic basins III. Continental margins and Deep Ocean basins are fundamentally different Composition Structure Age Tectonic origin IV. Ocean basins are rugged and have a wide variety of topographic features Mid-oceanic ridges and Transform fracture systems Abyssal Hills and Plains Oceanic islands, Seamounts, and Guyots Trenches and Island Arcs
39 OCEAN BASINS and SEAFLOORS Discussion
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Interpreting Tectonic and Bathymetric Maps. The purpose of this lab is to provide experience interpreting the bathymetry of the seafloor in terms of tectonic and geologic settings and processes. Use the
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Unit 4 - Water. Earth s Interior. Earth s Interior. Continental Drift. Continental Drift. Continental Drift. Crust. Mantle. Core.
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