Plate Tectonics. Continental Drift Sea Floor Spreading Plate Boundaries
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1 Plate Tectonics Continental Drift Sea Floor Spreading Plate Boundaries
2 Continental Drift 1915, Alfred Wegener - Pangea hypothesis: suggested Earth s continents were part of a large super-continent 200 mya: broke apart & drifted
3 Arguments Matching: Coastlines Rock type Fossils Erosion features Mountain ranges Similar formations & structures on each continent showed the continents could have been joined together Continuous mtn ranges were separated once Pangea broke apart, Continents that were joined shared unique rocks & minerals Large land animals could not have crossed oceans
4
5 Wegener s hypothesis was not accepted because he was unable to conceive of a force or mechanism that could drive continents apart
6 Continental Movement Over time USGS Maps
7 225 Million Years Ago
8 200 Million Years Ago
9 135 Million Years Ago
10 65 Million Years Ago
11 Present Day
12 Seafloor Spreading Hypothesis Dr. Harry Hess - seafloor spreading hypothesis - used sonar to obtain accurate maps of the seafloor Mid-Ocean Ridge system (MOR) continuous & wraps around Earth
13 Sonar Mid Ocean Ridge
14 Magnetic Polarity of Rocks Earth s magnetic field repeatedly reverses itself bands of reversed polarity in seafloor rocks As magma crystals form, they take on the polarity of Earth at the time they form Identical pattern on both sides of the MOR
15 Paleomagnetism
16 Seafloor Spreading Hypothesis Low density magma, from the mantle, is forced upward, causing the crust to crack (fault) & move apart On land, faulting causes twin mountain ranges with a rift valley between
17 Ages of Sediment and Rocks Continental rocks are billions of years old Seafloor rocks are less than 200 million years old
18 Seafloor Age Map Perspectives From Different Oceans
19
20 Atlantic Ocean
21 Pacific Ocean
22 Indian Ocean
23 1. How old is the oldest part of the ocean? 2. Where are the oldest rocks found? 3. Where are the newest rocks found? 4. Are all the time periods the same width? What might that mean? 5. Which area has the older rock, the north Atlantic or the south Atlantic? What might that mean? 6. How do the edges of the rock age groups compare to the edges of the continents? What might explain this? 7. The age of the oldest rock on the continents has been determined to be more than 4 billion years old. Why should continental rock be older than the rock found under the oceans? 8. Earth is a globe. What would have to happen in the Pacific Ocean if the Atlantic Ocean is getting wider? Is there any evidence to support your idea?
24 Theory of Plate Tectonics seven major plates & many minor ones Plates are made of a rigid layer of uppermost mantle & a layer of either oceanic or continental crust
25 Hot Spot Hawaii/ Plate Movements
26 Divergent Plate Boundaries At a MOR, magma rises along a faulted rift valley, spreads, & cools to form new oceanic crust Spreading apart happens at divergent boundaries
27 Convergent Plate Boundaries Where plates collide, they form convergent boundaries Less-dense, thick continental lithosphere moves toward denser thin oceanic lithosphere
28 Convergent Plate Boundaries The ocean side is forced down below the continental slab in a process called subduction The region of collision also has a deep-sea trench that parallels the zone
29 Convergent Plate Boundaries When 2 slabs of oceanic lithosphere converge; the colder (denser) one subducts Magma erupted here produces chains of volcanic islands called island arcs
30 Convergent Plate Boundaries 2 low density continental slabs collide & buckle upward to form a high range of folded mountains No volcanic activity & no trench
31 Transform Plate Boundaries No new lithosphere No recycling old lithosphere Main result of transform boundaries is horizontal motion of lithosphere
32 What drives the plates? ridge push at a mid-ocean ridge (& gravity) slab pull at convergent boundaries Internal convection in mantle is the driving force for all mechanisms of plate motion thermal energy comes from the decay of radioactive elements in Earth
33 Putting the Evidence Together Support for the Theory of Plate Tectonics
34 World Volcanoes
35 World Earthquakes
36 Volcanoes and Earthquakes
37 Connecting the Dots
38 Tectonic Plate Boundaries
39 Tectonic Plates
40 Plate Boundary Setting Most of Earth s volcanoes lie in subduction zones where continental & oceanic materials are being mixed & partially melted
41
42 Animations & Links
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