Sea-Floor Spreading, Subduction,& Plate Boundaries. Lecture Continental Fit 2. Similar Rocks, Ages 3. Similar Fossils 4. Widespread Glaciation
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1 Sea-Floor Spreading, Subduction,& Plate Boundaries Lecture 21 Prop: Test 3 Invitations Alfred Wegener s Evidence for Continental Drift 1. Continental Fit 2. Similar Rocks, Ages 3. Similar Fossils 4. Widespread Glaciation Pangaea = Gondwanaland + Laurasia Source: edu/rcb/penn.jpg 1
2 Spongebob Theme Song Lyrics Are ya ready kids? Aye Aye Captain! I CAN'T HEAR YOU! AYE AYE C APTAIN! ohhhhhh!!!! Who lives in a pineapple under the sea? SPONGEB OB SQUAR EPANTS! Absorbant and yellow and poreous is he SPONGEB OB SQUAR EPANTS! His nautical nonsense be somethin you wish SPONGEB OB SQUAR EPANTS! Then drop on the deck and flop like a fish! SPONGEB OB SQUAR EPANTS! Ready? SPONGEB OB SQUAR EPANTS! SPONGEB OB SQUAR EPANTS! SPONGEB OB SQUAR EPANTS! SPONGEYB OB SQUAR EPAAAANTS Alfred Wegener s Evidence for Continental Drifts Was NOT Accepted in USA. Problem: No Mechanism for Continents to Plow Through Oceanic Crust Answer lies on & in the Sea Floor - Ch in Text sboot/ WW II Submarine Science Mapping of Ocean Basins Seismic & Sonar Study Reveals Sea-Floor Topography Geophysicists s Answers Life s Important Questions 2
3 Know these mega-scale Landforms Continental Shelf Continental Slope Continental Rise Abyssal Plain Mid-Ocean Ridge (~ Mid-Ocean Rise) Trench Know differences between Oceanic Crust and Continental Crust Ocean Basin Bathymetry See Figures 18.5 to in Plummer & Others 10 th ed. Ocean Basin Bathymetry See Figures 18.5, in Plummer & Others 10 th ed. 3
4 Cold War More Submarine Science Magnetic Anomalies in Ocean Basin Deep-Sea Magnetic Anomalies Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Studied Geology of Ocean Basins Continental Record = Incomplete Deep Ocean Basin Record Was Thought to be More Complete Glomar Challenger Harry Hess 4
5 Magnetic Anomalies: Atlantic Ocean South of Iceland New Ocean Crust Created at Mid-Ocean Ridges: Spread Centers DSDP Surprise Finding: Ocean Basins are <200,000,000 y Old Much Younger than the Continents Very Young Sediments at the Mid Ocean Ridges Age of the Ocean Basins 5
6 Birth of an Ocean Basin? Spreading at the Red Sea: Break-Up of Asia and Africa Note a Failed Arm of Rifting in East Africa Break-Up of a Continent and Origin of an Ocean Basin Problem: If New Crust is Created at Mid- Ocean Ridges, Where is Old Crust Consumed to Balance the New Crust? 6
7 Where is Old Crust Consumed to Balance the New Crust? Answer Lies in Deep-Focus Earthquakes. Earthquakes Occur in Brittle (Elastic) Lithosphere Lithosphere Asthenosphere km Distribution of All Earthquakes (Deep and Shallow Focus) 7
8 Subduction Zones: Ocean-Ocean Margin Subduction Zones: Ocean-Continent Margin Deep-Focus Quakes Only in Subduction Zones 8
9 Isotherms in Subduction Zones 600 o C 400 o C Japan Trench & Volcanic Arc Back-Arc and Fore-Arc Basins See Figure in Plummer & Others 9 th ed. 9
10 Subduction Zones & Volcanoes Spread Centers Feed Subduction Zones Missing Mechanisms for Continental Drift: Sea Floor Spreading & Subduction Continents are Passive Boats 10
11 How Are Mountains Built? First a Brief Review of Sea Floor Spreading Himalayas Break-Up of a Continent and Origin of an Ocean Basin Missing Mechanisms for Continental Drift: Sea Floor Spreading & Subduction Continents are Passive Boats 11
12 Spread Centers Feed Subduction Zones Subduction Zones: Ocean-Ocean Margin Subduction Zones: Ocean-Continent Margin 12
13 Orogeny (Mountain Building) in the Himalayas Continental Lithosphere Will NOT Flush Down Subduction Zones Orogeny in Himalayas 13
14 Orogeny in Himalayas Orogeny in the Himalayas Orogeny - Mountain Building - Sediment Supply 14
15 Orogeny - Mountain Building - Glaciation Plate Margins: Spread Centers (Mid-Ocean Ridges) Subduction Zones (Trenches) Transform Faults Plate Margins: 15
16 Transform Faults & Fracture Zones Transform Faults San Andreas Fault: Right-Lateral Transform Fault Left-Lateral Offset!! Why?: Fault is Produced by Offset, vs. Offset Produced by Fault 16
17 Transform Faults: Three Causal Scenarios Plate Motion on a Sphere Plate Motion on a Sphere Requires Transform Faults Because of Different Rates of Motion 17
18 The Plates The Plates: Pacific-Centered View (Distorted by Mercator Map Projection) What Drives Plate Tectonics? 1. Convection Cells in Mantle 2. Sinking of Cool, Dense Plates 3. Mantle Plumes - Hot Spots 18
19 Convection Cells Convection Cells in Mantle 19
20 Mantle Plumes Mantle Plumes Under Continents 20
21 Known Hot Spots Hawaiian Islands Mantle Plumes - Hot Spots Numbers = Age of Rock in Millions of Years 21
22 Sinking of Cool, Dense Plates Seamount Volcanoes Surrounded by Fringing Coral Reefs Atolls: Submerged Volcanos Support Reefs Only in Warm Clear Seas Tuamoto Islands NASA 22
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