Global Tectonics. Kearey, Philip. Table of Contents ISBN-13: Historical perspective. 2. The interior of the Earth.

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Global Tectonics. Kearey, Philip. Table of Contents ISBN-13: Historical perspective. 2. The interior of the Earth."

Transcription

1 Global Tectonics Kearey, Philip ISBN-13: Table of Contents Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Historical perspective. 1.1 Continental drift. 1.2 Sea floor spreading and the birth of plate tectonics. 1.3 Geosynclinal theory. 1.4 Impact of plate tectonics. 2. The interior of the Earth. 2.1 Earthquake seismology Introduction Earthquake descriptors Seismic waves Earthquake location Mechanism of earthquakes Focal mechanism solutions of earthquakes Ambiguity in focal mechanism solutions Seismic tomography. 2.2 Velocity structure of the Earth. 2.3 Composition of the Earth. 2.4 The crust The continental crust Upper continental crust Middle and lower continental crust The oceanic crust Oceanic layer Oceanic layer Oceanic layer Ophiolites. 2.6 Metamorphism of oceanic crust. 2.7 Differences between continental and oceanic crust. 2.8 The mantle Introduction Seismic structure of the mantle.

2 2.8.3 Mantle composition The mantle low velocity zone The mantle transition zone The lower mantle. 2.9 The core Rheology of the crust and mantle Introduction Brittle deformation Ductile deformation Lithospheric strength profiles, Measuring continental deformation Deformation in the mantle Isostasy Introduction Airy s hypothesis Pratt s hypothesis Flexure of the lithosphere Isostatic rebound Tests of isostasy Lithosphere and asthenosphere Terrestrial heat flow. 3. Continental drift. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Continental reconstructions Euler s theorem Geometric reconstructions of continents The reconstruction of continents around the Atlantic The reconstruction of Gondwana. 3.3 Geologic evidence for continental drift. 3.4 Paleoclimatology. 3.5 Paleontologic evidence for continental drift. 3.6 Paleomagnetism Introduction Rock magnetism Natural remanent magnetization The past and present geomagnetic field Apparent polar wander curves Paleogeographic reconstructions based on paleomagnetism.

3 4. Sea floor spreading and transform faults. 4.1 Sea floor spreading Introduction Marine magnetic anomalies Geomagnetic reversals Sea floor spreading The Vine Matthews hypothesis Magnetostratigraphy Dating of the ocean floor. 4.2 Transform faults Introduction Ridge-ridge transform faults Ridge jumps and transform fault offsets. 5. The framework of plate tectonics. 5.1 Plates and plate margins. 5.2 Distribution of earthquakes. 5.3 Relative plate motions. 5.4 Absolute plate motions. 5.5 Hotspots. 5.6 True polar wander. 5.7 Cretaceous superplume. 5.8 Direct measurement of relative plate motions. 5.9 Finite plate motions Stability of triple junctions Present day triple junctions. 6. Ocean ridges. 6.1 Ocean ridge topography. 6.2 Broad structure of the upper mantle below ridges. 6.3 Origin of anomalous upper mantle beneath ridges. 6.4 Depth-age relationship of oceanic lithosphere. 6.5 Heat flow and hydrothermal circulation. 6.6 Seismic evidence for an axial magma chamber. 6.7 Along-axis segmentation of oceanic ridges. 6.8 Petrology of ocean ridges. 6.9 Shallow structure of the axial region Origin of the oceanic crust Propagating rifts and microplates Oceanic fracture zones. 7. Continental rifts and rifted margins.

4 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 General characteristics of narrow rifts. 7.3 General characteristics of wide rifts. 7.4 Volcanic activity Large igneous provinces Petrogenesis of rift rocks Mantle upwelling beneath rifts. 7.5 Rift initiation. 7.6 Strain localization and delocalization processes Introduction Lithospheric stretching Buoyancy forces and lower crustal flow Lithospheric flexure Strain-induced weakening Rheological stratification of the lithosphere Magma-assisted rifting. 7.7 Rifted continental margins Volcanic margins Nonvolcanic margins The evolution of rifted margins. 7.8 Case studies: the transition from rift to rifted margin The East African Rift system The Woodlark Rift. 7.9 The Wilson cycle. 8. Continental transforms and strike-slip faults. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Fault styles and physiography. 8.3 The deep structure of continental transforms The Dead Sea Transform The San Andreas Fault The Alpine Fault. 8.4 Transform continental margins. 8.5 Continuous versus discontinuous deformation Introduction Relative plate motions and surface velocity fields Model sensitivities. 8.6 Strain localization and delocalization mechanisms Introduction Lithospheric heterogeneity.

5 8.6.3 Strain-softening feedbacks. 8.7 Measuring the strength of transforms. 9. Subduction zones. 9.1 Ocean trenches. 9.2 General morphology of island arc systems. 9.3 Gravity anomalies of subduction zones. 9.4 Structure of subduction zones from earthquakes. 9.5 Thermal structure of the downgoing slab. 9.6 Variations in subduction zone characteristics. 9.7 Accretionary prisms. 9.8 Volcanic and plutonic activity. 9.9 Metamorphism at convergent margins Backarc basins. 10. Orogenic belts Introduction Ocean-continent convergence Introduction Seismicity, plate motions and subduction geometry General geology of the central and southern Andes Deep structure of the central Andes Mechanisms of noncollisional orogenesis Compressional sedimentary basins Introduction Foreland basins Basin inversion Modes of shortening in foreland fold-thrust belts Continent-continent collision Introduction Relative plate motions and collisional history Surface velocity fields and seismicity General geology of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen Deep structure Mechanisms of continental collision Arc-continent collision Terrane accretion and continental growth Terrane analysis Structure of accretionary orogens Mechanisms of terrane accretion. 11. Precambrian tectonics and the supercontinent cycle.

6 11.1 Introduction Precambrian heat flow Archean tectonics General characteristics of cratonic mantle lithosphere General geology of Archean cratons The formation of Archean lithosphere Crustal structure Horizontal and vertical tectonics Proterozoic tectonics General geology of Proterozoic crust Continental growth and craton stabilization Proterozoic plate tectonics The supercontinent cycle Introduction Pre-Mesozoic reconstructions A Late Proterozoic supercontinent Earlier supercontinents Gondwana-Pangea assembly and dispersal. 12. The mechanism of plate tectonics Introduction Contracting Earth hypothesis Expanding Earth hypothesis Calculation of the ancient moment of inertia of the Earth Calculation of the ancient radius of the Earth Implications of heat flow Convection in the mantle The convection process Feasibility of mantle convection The vertical extent of convection The forces acting on plates Driving mechanism of plate tectonics Mantle drag mechanism Edge-force mechanism Evidence for convection in the mantle Introduction Seismic tomography Superswells The D layer The nature of convection in the mantle.

7 12.10 Plumes The mechanism of the supercontinent cycle. 13. Implications of plate tectonics Environmental change Changes in sea level and sea water chemistry Changes in oceanic circulation and the Earth s climate Land areas and climate Economic geology Introduction Autochthonous and allochthonous mineral deposits Deposits of sedimentary basins Deposits related to climate Geothermal power Natural hazards. Review questions. Appendix: The geological timescale and stratigraphic column. References. Index

GENERAL GEOLOGY Fall Chapter 18: The Sea Floor. Partial Examination IV Study Guide Dr. Glen S. Mattioli

GENERAL GEOLOGY Fall Chapter 18: The Sea Floor. Partial Examination IV Study Guide Dr. Glen S. Mattioli GENERAL GEOLOGY 1113-005 Fall 2008 Partial Examination IV Study Guide Dr. Glen S. Mattioli Note that these are NOT questions, but rather are a list of topics that we have covered either in class or are

More information

PHYSICAL GEOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT (2 ND CANADIAN EDITION)

PHYSICAL GEOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT (2 ND CANADIAN EDITION) Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Chapter Summary: Plate tectonics is a theory that suggests Earth's surface is divided into several large plates that change position and size. Intense geologic activity occurs

More information

OCN 201 Seafloor Spreading and Plate Tectonics. Question

OCN 201 Seafloor Spreading and Plate Tectonics. Question OCN 201 Seafloor Spreading and Plate Tectonics Question What was wrong from Wegener s theory of continental drift? A. The continents were once all connected in a single supercontinent B. The continents

More information

Questions and Topics

Questions and Topics Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift Questions and Topics 1. What are the theories of Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift? 2. What is the evidence that Continents move? 3. What are the forces that

More information

The Lithosphere and the Tectonic System. The Structure of the Earth. Temperature 3000º ºC. Mantle

The Lithosphere and the Tectonic System. The Structure of the Earth. Temperature 3000º ºC. Mantle The Lithosphere and the Tectonic System Objectives: Understand the structure of the planet Earth Review the geologic timescale as a point of reference for the history of the Earth Examine the major relief

More information

Chapter 2 Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor

Chapter 2 Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor Chapter 2 Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor Matching. Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all. 1. hydrothermal vents A. convergent

More information

Geology 300, Physical Geology Spring 2019 Quiz Ch 19, Plate Tectonics Name

Geology 300, Physical Geology Spring 2019 Quiz Ch 19, Plate Tectonics Name Geology 300, Physical Geology Spring 2019 Quiz Ch 19, Plate Tectonics Name MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The portion of a fracture

More information

Full file at

Full file at Essentials of Oceanography, 10e (Trujillo/Keller) Chapter 2 Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor Match the term with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all. A)

More information

Before Plate Tectonics: Theory of Continental Drift

Before Plate Tectonics: Theory of Continental Drift Before Plate Tectonics: Theory of Continental Drift Predecessor to modern plate tectonics Shape and fit of the continents was the initial evidence Snider-Pelligrini (1858) Taylor (1908) Wegner (1915) Fig.

More information

Mountain Building. Mountain Building

Mountain Building. Mountain Building Mountain Building Mountain building has occurred during the recent geologic past American Cordillera the western margin of the Americas from Cape Horn to Alaska Includes the Andes and Rocky Mountains Alpine

More information

OCN 201: Seafloor Spreading and Plate Tectonics I

OCN 201: Seafloor Spreading and Plate Tectonics I OCN 201: Seafloor Spreading and Plate Tectonics I Revival of Continental Drift Theory Kiyoo Wadati (1935) speculated that earthquakes and volcanoes may be associated with continental drift. Hugo Benioff

More information

Plate Tectonics. I. The Discovery of Plate Tectonics II. A Mosaic of Plates III. Types of Plate Boundaries IV. How Plates Move

Plate Tectonics. I. The Discovery of Plate Tectonics II. A Mosaic of Plates III. Types of Plate Boundaries IV. How Plates Move Plate Tectonics I. The Discovery of Plate Tectonics II. A Mosaic of Plates III. Types of Plate Boundaries IV. How Plates Move I. The Discovery of Plate Tectonics A. Continental Drift (Alfred Wegener) Proposed

More information

10. Paleomagnetism and Polar Wandering Curves.

10. Paleomagnetism and Polar Wandering Curves. Map of ocean floor Evidence in Support of the Theory of Plate Tectonics 10. Paleomagnetism and Polar Wandering Curves. The Earth's magnetic field behaves as if there were a bar magnet in the center of

More information

Plate Tectonics. entirely rock both and rock

Plate Tectonics. entirely rock both and rock Plate Tectonics I. Tectonics A. Tectonic Forces are forces generated from within Earth causing rock to become. B. 1. The study of the origin and arrangement of Earth surface including mountain belts, continents,

More information

Chapter. Graphics by Tasa Graphic Arts. Inc.

Chapter. Graphics by Tasa Graphic Arts. Inc. Earth Chapter Plate Science 9 Tectonics Graphics by Tasa Graphic Arts. Inc. 1 I. Earth s surface is made up of lithospheric plates. A. Lithospheric plates are composed of the crust and part of the upper

More information

Introduction To Plate Tectonics Evolution. (Continents, Ocean Basins, Mountains and Continental Margins)

Introduction To Plate Tectonics Evolution. (Continents, Ocean Basins, Mountains and Continental Margins) Introduction To Plate Tectonics Evolution (Continents, Ocean Basins, Mountains and Continental Margins) Geo 386 (Arabian Shield Course) Dr. Bassam A. A. Abuamarah Mohanna G E O 3 8 6 A R A B I A N G E

More information

Chapter 2 Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor

Chapter 2 Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor Chapter 2 Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor Chapter Overview Much evidence supports plate tectonics theory. The plate tectonics model describes features and processes on Earth. Plate tectonic science

More information

ANOTHER MEXICAN EARTHQUAKE! Magnitude 7.1, Tuesday Sept. 19, 2017

ANOTHER MEXICAN EARTHQUAKE! Magnitude 7.1, Tuesday Sept. 19, 2017 ANOTHER MEXICAN EARTHQUAKE! Magnitude 7.1, Tuesday Sept. 19, 2017 Why is there no oceanic crust older than 200 million years? SUBDUCTION If new oceanic crust is being continuously created along the earth

More information

Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education

Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education Tibetan Plateau and Himalaya -southern Asia 11.00.a VE 10X

More information

Whole Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics

Whole Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics Whole Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics Processes in Structural Geology & Tectonics Ben van der Pluijm WW Norton+Authors, unless noted otherwise 4/5/2017 14:45 We Discuss Whole Earth Structure and Plate

More information

Earth. Temp. increases with depth, the thermal gradient is 25 o C/km. Pressure and density also increase with depth.

Earth. Temp. increases with depth, the thermal gradient is 25 o C/km. Pressure and density also increase with depth. Plate Tectonics Earth Earth overall average density = 5.5 g/cm 3. Temp. increases with depth, the thermal gradient is 25 o C/km. Pressure and density also increase with depth. Spheroid: with a longer major

More information

Alfred Wegener gave us Continental Drift. Fifty years later...

Alfred Wegener gave us Continental Drift. Fifty years later... CHAPTER 2 Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor Plate Tectonics: summary in haiku form Alfred Wegener gave us Continental Drift. Fifty years later... Words Chapter Overview Much evidence supports plate tectonics

More information

Chapter Overview. Evidence for Continental Drift. Plate Tectonics. Evidence for Continental Drift. Evidence for Continental Drift 9/28/2010

Chapter Overview. Evidence for Continental Drift. Plate Tectonics. Evidence for Continental Drift. Evidence for Continental Drift 9/28/2010 Chapter Overview CHAPTER 2 Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor Much evidence supports plate tectonics theory. Different plate boundaries have different features. Tectonic plates continue to move today.

More information

Distribution of Continents Mid-ocean Ridges Trenches. Deformation Metamorphism Volcanism Earthquakes

Distribution of Continents Mid-ocean Ridges Trenches. Deformation Metamorphism Volcanism Earthquakes Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics Global Problems in Geology Distribution of Continents Mid-ocean Ridges Trenches Orogenic Belts Deformation Metamorphism Volcanism Earthquakes Development of Continental

More information

Evolution of Continents Chapter 20

Evolution of Continents Chapter 20 Evolution of Continents Chapter 20 Does not contain complete lecture notes. Mountain belts Orogenesis the processes that collectively produce a mountain belt Includes folding, thrust faulting, metamorphism,

More information

Essentials of Oceanography Eleventh Edition

Essentials of Oceanography Eleventh Edition Chapter Chapter 1 2 Clickers Lecture Essentials of Oceanography Eleventh Edition Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor Alan P. Trujillo Harold V. Thurman Chapter Overview Much evidence supports plate tectonics

More information

Lab 1: Plate Tectonics April 2, 2009

Lab 1: Plate Tectonics April 2, 2009 Name: Lab 1: Plate Tectonics April 2, 2009 Objective: Students will be introduced to the theory of plate tectonics and different styles of plate margins and interactions. Introduction The planet can be

More information

Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds

Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds Chapter 2 Lecture Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology Eleventh Edition Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds Tarbuck and Lutgens From Continental Drift to Plate Tectonics Prior to the

More information

Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE

Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 9 Plate Tectonics 9.1 Continental Drift An Idea Before Its Time Wegener s continental drift hypothesis stated that the continents had once been joined

More information

Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE

Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 9 Plate Tectonics 9.1 Continental Drift An Idea Before Its Time Wegener s continental drift hypothesis stated that the continents had once been joined

More information

COMPOSITION and PHYSICAL PROPERTIES GENERAL SUBJECTS. GEODESY and GRAVITY

COMPOSITION and PHYSICAL PROPERTIES GENERAL SUBJECTS. GEODESY and GRAVITY COMPOSITION and PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Composition and structure of the continental crust Composition and structure of the core Composition and structure of the mantle Composition and structure of the oceanic

More information

Plate Tectonics. Essentials of Geology, 11 th edition Chapter 15

Plate Tectonics. Essentials of Geology, 11 th edition Chapter 15 1 Plate Tectonics Essentials of Geology, 11 th edition Chapter 15 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Plate Tectonics: summary in haiku form Alfred Wegener gave us Continental Drift. Fifty years later...

More information

Chapter 10: Deformation and Mountain Building. Fig. 10.1

Chapter 10: Deformation and Mountain Building. Fig. 10.1 Chapter 10: Deformation and Mountain Building Fig. 10.1 OBJECTIVES Describe the processes of rock deformation and compare and contrast ductile and brittle behavior in rocks. Explain how strike and dip

More information

Introduction to Oceanography. Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Overview

Introduction to Oceanography. Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Overview Introduction to Oceanography Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Overview Much evidence supports plate tectonics theory. The plate tectonics model describes features and processes on Earth. Plate tectonic science

More information

GEOLOGY 489 (Geotectonics) Spring, 2004 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

GEOLOGY 489 (Geotectonics) Spring, 2004 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign GEOLOGY 489 (Geotectonics) Spring, 2004 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Instructors Steve Marshak NHB 302/253A 333-7705 smarshak@uiuc.edu Michael Stewart NHB 250 244-5025 stewart1@uiuc.edu Text

More information

USU 1360 TECTONICS / PROCESSES

USU 1360 TECTONICS / PROCESSES USU 1360 TECTONICS / PROCESSES Observe the world map and each enlargement Pacific Northwest Tibet South America Japan 03.00.a1 South Atlantic Arabian Peninsula Observe features near the Pacific Northwest

More information

12/3/2014. Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds Earth Science, 13e Chapter 7. Continental drift: an idea before its time

12/3/2014. Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds Earth Science, 13e Chapter 7. Continental drift: an idea before its time Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds Earth Science, 13e Chapter 7 Stanley C. Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College Continental drift: an idea before its time Alfred Wegener First proposed

More information

1. What is Wegener s theory of continental drift? 2. What were the 4 evidences supporting his theory? 3. Why wasn t Wegener s theory excepted?

1. What is Wegener s theory of continental drift? 2. What were the 4 evidences supporting his theory? 3. Why wasn t Wegener s theory excepted? Notebook 7a and 7b Objective (left-side): Students will be able to explain the theory of plate tectonics and be able to make predictions about plate interactions. Mapping Reflection 1. What is Wegener

More information

Chapter 4: Plate Tectonics

Chapter 4: Plate Tectonics Chapter 4: Plate Tectonics K2 in the Himalaya, inset round submersible (beneath the submarine) that went to the Marianas Trench in 1960 http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/james-cameron-presents-record-setting-deep-sea-expedition-article-1.1215139

More information

Captain s Tryouts 2017

Captain s Tryouts 2017 Captain s Tryouts 2017 Dynamic Planet Test Written by: Araneesh Pratap (Chattahoochee High School) Name: Date: Answer all questions on the answer sheet. Point values are given next to each question or

More information

Earthquakes. Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy

Earthquakes. Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy Earthquakes Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy The amount of energy released determines the magnitude of the earthquake Seismic waves carry the energy away from its origin Fig. 18.1 Origin

More information

Q. What is the hypothesis of continental drift? Q. What are the evidences that used to support this hypothesis?

Q. What is the hypothesis of continental drift? Q. What are the evidences that used to support this hypothesis? Q & A 1 Q. What is the hypothesis of continental drift? - That there was a supercontinent called Pangaea that began to break apart about 200 Ma, this was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. Q. What are

More information

Plate tectonics - 3. Homework 1: Due Monday. Hot Spots Magnetic Reversals Isostasy Continental Tectonics. EESC 2200 The Solid Earth System.

Plate tectonics - 3. Homework 1: Due Monday. Hot Spots Magnetic Reversals Isostasy Continental Tectonics. EESC 2200 The Solid Earth System. 2500 EESC 2200 The Solid Earth System Plate tectonics - 3 17 Sep 08 Hot Spots Magnetic Reversals Isostasy Continental Tectonics Depth (m) 6000 0 9 36 100 155 Homework 1: Due Monday Review: Fracture zone

More information

5/24/2018. Plate Tectonics. A Scientific Revolution Unfolds

5/24/2018. Plate Tectonics. A Scientific Revolution Unfolds 1 Plate Tectonics A Scientific Revolution Unfolds 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Chapter 2 Plate Tectonics From Continental Drift to Plate Tectonics Prior to the late 1960s, most geologists believed that the

More information

Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics

Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics Continental Drift Wegener s continental drift hypothesis stated that the continents had once been joined to form a single supercontinent. Wegener proposed that the

More information

Earth overall average density = 5.5 g/cm 3 Temp increases with depth, the thermal gradient 30 0 C/km Pressure and the density also increase with

Earth overall average density = 5.5 g/cm 3 Temp increases with depth, the thermal gradient 30 0 C/km Pressure and the density also increase with Plate Tectonics Earth Earth overall average density = 5.5 g/cm 3 Temp increases with depth, the thermal gradient 30 0 C/km Pressure and the density also increase with depth Spheroid: with a longer major

More information

Refer to the map on page 173 to answer the following questions.

Refer to the map on page 173 to answer the following questions. Chapter 8-1 Plate Tectonics 1. Brainstorm the type of evidence that would indicate a climate change and how this evidence supports the theory of continental drift. Tropical fossils in cold regions Evidence

More information

The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics

The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics Agree or Disagree? 1. The Earth if made up of 4 different layers. 2. The crust (where we live) can be made of either less dense continental crust or the more

More information

Physical Geology, 15/e

Physical Geology, 15/e Lecture Outlines Physical Geology, 15/e Plummer, Carlson & Hammersley Plate Tectonics: The Unifying Theory Physical Geology 15/e, Chapter 19 Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonics Earth s surface is composed

More information

Continental drift

Continental drift Plate Tectonics Continental drift Continental drift Continental drift Continental drift Continental drift Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonics Continental Drift and Paleomagnetism Paleomagnetism Renewed interest

More information

UNIT 11 PLATE TECTONICS

UNIT 11 PLATE TECTONICS UNIT 11 PLATE TECTONICS A. ALFRED WEGENER 1. Continental drift hypothesis Single supercontinent called Pangaea 200 million years ago Pangaea (all land) began to break up and started drifting to their present

More information

Unit 11: Plate Tectonics

Unit 11: Plate Tectonics Unit 11: Plate Tectonics A. Alfred Wegner 1. Continental drift hypothesis a. single supercontinent called Pangaea b. 200 million years ago Pangaea (all land) began to break up and started drifting to their

More information

UNIT 6 PLATE TECTONICS

UNIT 6 PLATE TECTONICS UNIT 6 PLATE TECTONICS CONTINENTAL DRIFT Alfred Wegner proposed the theory that the crustal plates are moving over the mantle. He argued that today s continents once formed a single landmass, called Pangaea

More information

Plate Tectonics. How do the plates move?

Plate Tectonics. How do the plates move? Plate Tectonics How do the plates move? Continental Drift Hypothesis In 1915, Alfred Wegener s hypothesis about Continental Drift couldn t explain the forces that could move continents. Wegener wasn t

More information

Earth Science, (Tarbuck/Lutgens) Chapter 10: Mountain Building

Earth Science, (Tarbuck/Lutgens) Chapter 10: Mountain Building Earth Science, (Tarbuck/Lutgens) Chapter 10: Mountain Building 1) A(n) fault has little or no vertical movements of the two blocks. A) stick slip B) oblique slip C) strike slip D) dip slip 2) In a(n) fault,

More information

Strike-Slip Faults. ! Fault motion is parallel to the strike of the fault.

Strike-Slip Faults. ! Fault motion is parallel to the strike of the fault. Strike-Slip Faults! Fault motion is parallel to the strike of the fault.! Usually vertical, no hanging-wall/footwall blocks.! Classified by the relative sense of motion. " Right lateral opposite block

More information

Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory

Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory What is Plate Tectonics? - 7 large tectonic plates and many smaller ones that break up the lithosphere - Plates are brittle and float on asthenosphere and glide past

More information

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory

Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory Chapter Outline 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Early Ideas About Continental Drift 2.3 What Is the Evidence for Continental Drift? 2.4 Features of the Seafloor 2.5 Earth

More information

NAME HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #4 MATERIAL COVERS CHAPTERS 19, 20, 21, & 2

NAME HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #4 MATERIAL COVERS CHAPTERS 19, 20, 21, & 2 NAME HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #4 MATERIAL COVERS CHAPTERS 19, 20, 21, & 2 Assignment is due the beginning of the class period on December 14, 2004. Mark answers on a scantron sheet, which will be provided.

More information

Plate Tectonics. Earth has distinctive layers - Like an onion

Plate Tectonics. Earth has distinctive layers - Like an onion Plate Tectonics Earth has distinctive layers - Like an onion Earth s Interior Core: Metallic (Iron, Nickel) Inner (hot, solid, dense, Iron, Nickel) Outer (cooler, liquid, less dense) Crust (outermost layer):

More information

OBJECTIVE: For each boundary type, give an example of where they occur on Earth.

OBJECTIVE: For each boundary type, give an example of where they occur on Earth. OBJECTIVE: Explain the theory of Plate Tectonics. COMPARE AND CONTRAST DIVERGENT, CONVERGENT AND TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES. ***very important. Describe what geologic features form at each of the three CONVERGENT

More information

Earth Movement and Resultant Landforms

Earth Movement and Resultant Landforms Earth Movement and Resultant Landforms Structure of the Earth Lithosphere : earth s crust Asthenosphere : upper mantle zone where material is near its melting point & acts almost like liquid (appprox.

More information

PLATE TECTONICS. Continental Drift. Continental Drift. Continental Drift. Continental Drift- Wegener s Evidence

PLATE TECTONICS. Continental Drift. Continental Drift. Continental Drift. Continental Drift- Wegener s Evidence Continental Drift PLATE TECTONICS E.B. Taylor (1910) and Alfred Wegener (1915) published on Continental Drift. Continental Drift Wegener s evidence 1. Fit of the Continents 2. Fossil Evidence 3. Rock Type

More information

Announcements. Manganese nodule distribution

Announcements. Manganese nodule distribution Announcements Lithospheric plates not as brittle as previously thought ESCI 322 Meet in Env. Studies Bldg Rm 60 at 1 PM on Tuesday One week (Thursday): Quiz on Booth 1994 and discussion. (Lots of odd terms

More information

Deformation of Rocks. Orientation of Deformed Rocks

Deformation of Rocks. Orientation of Deformed Rocks Deformation of Rocks Folds and faults are geologic structures caused by deformation. Structural geology is the study of the deformation of rocks and its effects. Fig. 7.1 Orientation of Deformed Rocks

More information

PLATE TECTONICS - Part II

PLATE TECTONICS - Part II PLATE TECTONICS - Part II Geology s Modern Paradigm Theory and Evidence Physical Geology GEOL100 Ray Rector - Instructor Topics in Plate Tectonics Today s Topics Review of PT Theory Seafloor Spreading

More information

Foundations of Earth Science Seventh Edition

Foundations of Earth Science Seventh Edition Chapter 5 Lecture Outline Foundations of Earth Science Seventh Edition Plate Tectonics: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds Natalie Bursztyn Utah State University From Continental Drift to Plate Tectonics

More information

The Two Types of Crust. Plate Tectonics. Physical Layers of the Earth. The Asthenosphere. The Lithosphere. Chemical Layers of the Earth

The Two Types of Crust. Plate Tectonics. Physical Layers of the Earth. The Asthenosphere. The Lithosphere. Chemical Layers of the Earth Plate Tectonics A Reminder of Earth s Structure Two physical units of Earth that are important too! How the Earth Works Plate Tectonics Plate Boundaries Chemical Layers of the Earth Crust - low density

More information

CHAPTER 2 Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor Pearson Education, Inc.

CHAPTER 2 Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 2 Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor Plate Tectonics Alfred Wegener first proposed in 1912 Called it Continental Drift Evidence for Continental Drift 1. Noted puzzle-like fit of modern continents

More information

Plate Tectonics. Continental Drift Sea Floor Spreading Plate Boundaries

Plate Tectonics. Continental Drift Sea Floor Spreading Plate Boundaries Plate Tectonics Continental Drift Sea Floor Spreading Plate Boundaries Continental Drift 1915, Alfred Wegener - Pangea hypothesis: suggested Earth s continents were part of a large super-continent 200

More information

Evidence from the Surface. Chapter 02. Continental Drift. Fossil Evidence for Pangaea. Seafloor Spreading. Seafloor Spreading 1/31/2012

Evidence from the Surface. Chapter 02. Continental Drift. Fossil Evidence for Pangaea. Seafloor Spreading. Seafloor Spreading 1/31/2012 Evidence from the Surface Surface landforms Continental shelf and slope Abyssal Plane Mid-oceanic ridge Oceanic Trenches Chapter 02 Continental Drift Continental Drift - a hypothesis that the continents

More information

Section 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions This section discusses volcanic eruptions, types of volcanoes, and other volcanic landforms.

Section 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions This section discusses volcanic eruptions, types of volcanoes, and other volcanic landforms. Chapter 10 Section 10.1 The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions This section discusses volcanic eruptions, types of volcanoes, and other volcanic landforms. Reading Strategy Previewing Before you read the section,

More information

Sir Francis Bacon, 1620, noted that the continental coasts on opposites sides of the Atlantic fit together like puzzle pieces.

Sir Francis Bacon, 1620, noted that the continental coasts on opposites sides of the Atlantic fit together like puzzle pieces. Plate Tectonics Sir Francis Bacon, 1620, noted that the continental coasts on opposites sides of the Atlantic fit together like puzzle pieces. Could North and South America once have been joined to Europe

More information

Chapter 10: Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Section 1: The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions I. Factors Affecting Eruptions Group # Main Idea:

Chapter 10: Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Section 1: The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions I. Factors Affecting Eruptions Group # Main Idea: Chapter 10: Volcanoes and Other Igneous Activity Section 1: The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions I. Factors Affecting Eruptions Group # A. Viscosity Group # B. Dissolved Gases Group # II. Volcanic Material

More information

Essentials of Geology, 11e

Essentials of Geology, 11e Essentials of Geology, 11e Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building Chapter 17 Instructor Jennifer Barson Spokane Falls Community College Geology 101 Stanley Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College Jennifer

More information

DYNAMIC PLANET. Name: School:

DYNAMIC PLANET. Name: School: DYNAMIC PLANET November 4 th Scrimmage Name: School: Directions: DO NOT open the packet until prompted to. The test will be a 50 minute test and answer each question to the best of your abilities. Total:

More information

THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH

THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH UNIT 1 THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH 1.1.Earth s interior layers The interior of the Earth can be divided into layers according to: -Composition layers ( organized in order of increasing density

More information

TS Tectonics & Structural Geology Orals and PICOs Monday, 08 April

TS Tectonics & Structural Geology Orals and PICOs Monday, 08 April TS Tectonics & Structural Geology Orals and PICOs Monday, 08 April MO1, 08:30 10:00 MO2, 10:30 12:00 MOL, 12:15 13:15 MO3, 13:30 15:00 MO4, 15:30 17:00 GD3.3/GM3.3/GMPV16/TS4.7, The evolution of plate

More information

Full file at CHAPTER 2 The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics

Full file at   CHAPTER 2 The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics CHAPTER 2 The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Wegener proposed continental drift after he observed evidence from fossils, glacial deposits, and the fit of the continents that suggested

More information

Do NOT open the test until instructed to do so.

Do NOT open the test until instructed to do so. Raw Score: Rank: School: Team Number: Names: Boyceville Invitational, December 2, 2017 Dynamic Planet Plate Tectonics and Geographical Impacts Do NOT open the test until instructed to do so. 2011 Tohoku

More information

Civilization exists by geologic consent, subject to change without notice William Durant

Civilization exists by geologic consent, subject to change without notice William Durant 89.325 Geology for Engineers Plate Tectonics Civilization exists by geologic consent, subject to change without notice William Durant Properties of the Planets Size Density Distance from sun Chemistry

More information

Plate Tectonics. Goal 2.1

Plate Tectonics. Goal 2.1 Plate Tectonics Goal 2.1 Lesson 1 Plate Tectonics: An Overview Think About It Look at the map below. Which two continents look like they d fit together? Focus Question How do Earth s tectonic plates cause

More information

Plate Tectonics: The New Paradigm

Plate Tectonics: The New Paradigm Earth s major plates Plate Tectonics: The New Paradigm Associated with Earth's strong, rigid outer layer: Known as the lithosphere Consists of uppermost mantle and overlying crust Overlies a weaker region

More information

The Dancing Plates: The Plate Tectonic Revolution

The Dancing Plates: The Plate Tectonic Revolution The Dancing Plates: The Plate Tectonic Revolution The Rock Cycle igneous melting, cooling erosion, dep. melting, cooling baking, pressing sedimentary baking, pressing metamorphic erosion, dep. Earth: Compositional

More information

GEOL 321 Structural Geology and Tectonics

GEOL 321 Structural Geology and Tectonics GEOL 321 Structural Geology and Tectonics Geology 321 Structure and Tectonics will be given in Spring 2017. The course provides a general coverage of the structures produced by brittle and ductile rock

More information

Review participation point: The evidence for a fluid outer core is:

Review participation point: The evidence for a fluid outer core is: DDA1 Continental Drift to Plate Tectonics PS 100 Chapter 28 Review participation point: The evidence for a fluid outer core is: A. Average density of the earth is greater than the density of the crust.

More information

Earth s Interior StudyGuide

Earth s Interior StudyGuide Name Date Period Earth s Interior StudyGuide 1. The two main elements that make up the Earth s crust are and. 2. The Earth s inner core is made of solid and. 3. When one plates slides under another plate

More information

Plate Tectonics. 1)The plate tectonic system 2)A theory is born 3) Early evidence for continental drift 4) Continental drift and paleomagnetism

Plate Tectonics. 1)The plate tectonic system 2)A theory is born 3) Early evidence for continental drift 4) Continental drift and paleomagnetism Plate Tectonics Plate boundaries 1)The plate tectonic system 2)A theory is born 3) Early evidence for continental drift 4) Continental drift and paleomagnetism 6)History and future of plate motions system

More information

There are numerous seams on the surface of the Earth

There are numerous seams on the surface of the Earth Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift There are numerous seams on the surface of the Earth Questions and Topics 1. What are the theories of Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift? 2. What is the evidence

More information

Please be sure to look over the study guides for the midterms, and your review questions and the keys for those (from the course webpages).

Please be sure to look over the study guides for the midterms, and your review questions and the keys for those (from the course webpages). Earth Science 104 Study Guide Final Exam Please be sure to look over the study guides for the midterms, and your review questions and the keys for those (from the course webpages). Vocabulary A a Accretionary

More information

Earthquakes = shaking of Earth because of a rapid release of energy

Earthquakes = shaking of Earth because of a rapid release of energy There are more than 30,000 earthquakes worldwide each year! Earthquakes = shaking of Earth because of a rapid release of energy usually because of movement of tectonic plates Most earthquakes last for

More information

Crustal Activity. Plate Tectonics - Plates - Lithosphere - Asthenosphere - Earth s surface consists of a major plates and some minor ones

Crustal Activity. Plate Tectonics - Plates - Lithosphere - Asthenosphere - Earth s surface consists of a major plates and some minor ones Name: Date: Period: Tectonics The Physical Setting: Earth Science CLASS NOTES Tectonics - s - Lithosphere - Asthenosphere - Earth s surface consists of a major plates and some minor ones The plates are

More information

Lecture 4.1 Continental Drift

Lecture 4.1 Continental Drift Plate Tectonics Chapter 4 California Science Content Standards Covered: Big Ideas 3A: Students know the features of the ocean floor that provide evidence of plate tectonics Mid Ocean Ridges (ex. Mid Atlantic

More information

PLATE TECTONICS REVIEW GAME!!!!

PLATE TECTONICS REVIEW GAME!!!! PLATE TECTONICS REVIEW GAME!!!! Name the four layers of the earth - crust - mantle - outer core - inner core Which part of Earth s structure contains tectonic plates? LITHOSPHERE Name one reason why the

More information

The Earth s Structure. The Lithosphere and Tectonic. The Lithosphere and Tectonic. System. Chapter 12. The Earth s Interior

The Earth s Structure. The Lithosphere and Tectonic. The Lithosphere and Tectonic. System. Chapter 12. The Earth s Interior The Lithosphere and Tectonic System Chapter 12 The Lithosphere and Tectonic System The theory describing the changing configuration of the continents through time is called plate tectonics. Plate tectonic

More information

Earth Systems Science Chapter 7. Earth Systems Science Chapter 7 11/11/2010. Seismology: study of earthquakes and related phenomena

Earth Systems Science Chapter 7. Earth Systems Science Chapter 7 11/11/2010. Seismology: study of earthquakes and related phenomena Earth Systems Science Chapter 7 I. Structure of the Earth II. Plate Tectonics The solid part of the earth system includes processes, just like the atmosphere and oceans. However, the time scales for processes

More information

Plate Tectonics - Demonstration

Plate Tectonics - Demonstration Name: Reference: Prof. Larry Braile - Educational Resources Copyright 2000. L. Braile. Permission granted for reproduction for non-commercial uses. http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~braile/indexlinks/educ.htm

More information

3. PLATE TECTONICS LAST NAME (ALL IN CAPS): FIRST NAME: PLATES

3. PLATE TECTONICS LAST NAME (ALL IN CAPS): FIRST NAME: PLATES LAST NAME (ALL IN CAPS): FIRST NAME: PLATES 3. PLATE TECTONICS The outer layers of the Earth are divided into the lithosphere and asthenosphere. The division is based on differences in mechanical properties

More information

Earth and Space Science Semester 2 Exam Review. Part 1. - Convection currents circulate in the Asthenosphere located in the Upper Mantle.

Earth and Space Science Semester 2 Exam Review. Part 1. - Convection currents circulate in the Asthenosphere located in the Upper Mantle. Earth and Space Science 2015 Semester 2 Exam Review Part 1 Convection -A form of heat transfer. - Convection currents circulate in the Asthenosphere located in the Upper Mantle. - Source of heat is from

More information

The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics

The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics The Structure of the Earth and Plate Tectonics Structure of the Earth The Earth is made up of 4 main layers: Inner Core Outer Core Mantle Crust Crust Mantle Outer core Inner core The Crust This is where

More information