IV OTHER TYPES OF BASINS
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1 IV OTHER TYPES OF BASINS - Strike-slip basins - Aulacogens - Cratonic basins Late orogenic basins and more Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne - Strike-slip Basins Tectonic setting of strike-slip faulting Woodcock 986 Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne
2 - Strike-slip Basins Seismic examples of strike-slip faults «Flower structure» Reverse fault component of mvt. Growth structures +unconformities Sub-vertical fault Offshore California - difficult to image in seismic (sub-vertical feature) - evidence of deformation of surrounding sediments - evidence of vertical components of movement (unconsistent normal or reverse fault) Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne Normal fault component of mvt. - Strike-slip Basins Seismic examples of strike-slip basins NW Brew & al,, J.GeolSoc. London SE Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne Ghab Basin (Syria)
3 - Strike-slip Basins Altyn-Tagh strike-slip fault and associated basins km 5 Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne - Strike-slip Basins Strike-slip structures in maps Right-lateral Left-lateral Christie-Blick et al, 985 Allen & Allen, 5 Compressional Restraining bend Extensional Resleasing bend Opposite block moves towards the right Stress distribution in a releasing overstep (pullapart basin). Note extensional structures in the overstep and compression outside, at the fault tip. Opposite block moves towards the left Guiraud & Séguret Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne
4 - Strike-slip Basins Low-angle and oblique to bounding faults = extensional High-angle and // to major bounding faults = Strike-slip Unconformities : jumps of faults activity Aragon & Martin 7 7 Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne Structure of strike-slip basin: Northern Gulf of California - Strike-slip Basins Strike-slip basins : Lithosphere structure extension in relay Transverse section Longitunidal section Sedimentary basins in extensional relay zone, between strike-slip faults - extensional faults => rift features - stretching parallel to strike-slip faults Pull apart Basin Rm: Transpression = strike-slip + compression Transtention = strike-slip + extension 8 Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne Relay zone
5 - Strike-slip Basins Strike-slip basins : Lithosphere deformation Petrunin & Sobolev, Geology 6 Deformation patterns in model m.. after km of strike-slip displacement in the sections crossing the central part of a pull-apart basin parallel to the faults (A), perpendicular to the faults (B), and in horizontal cross sections in the upper crust (C), in the lower crust (D), and in the upper mantle (E). The deformation pattern is changing from "classical" pull-apart type of structure (as shown in Fig. A) in the upper crust to the diffuse shear zone in the mantle, with the transition pattern in the lower crustal detachment zone 9 Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne - Strike-slip Basins Thin-skinned vs lithosphere structure Deformation above a decollement (thrust nappe) no thermal effect average heat flow (+/- 6mW/m ) Vienna Basin Deformation affecting the entire lithosphere important, localised thermal effect High heat flow (8- mw/m ) Salton Trough Allen & Allen, 5 Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne
6 - Strike-slip Basins Subsidence of strike-slip basins Subsidence origin : vertical component on SS & normal faults reduced thermally-driven subsidence =>Thin-skinned SSB: No lithospheric thinning => Thick-skinned SSB : Fast cooling (by lateral heat loss) Rm: frequent inversion (switch of active segments within a broad wrenching zone) : Chuckanut Basin (NW Washington) : Ridge Basin, : Death Valley, : Salinian Block, 5 : Los Angeles, 6: Gulf of California Ma Seafloor subsidence kilometers Ma 5a 6 Seafloor subsidence 5b Xie & Heller, 9 Figure. Tectonic subsidence curves for strike-slip basins. Locations sho Geodynamic subsidence curve of typical strike-slip basins kilometers Wu & al, 9 Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne - Strike-slip Basins Sedimentation model Death Valley, Ca. Axial drainage Sabkha Wide alluvial fans on inactive border Narrow & steep alluvial fans along active faulted border Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne
7 - Strike-slip Basins Sedimentation pattern in strike-slip basins Strike-slip movement => lateral migration of sedimentary sources & depocentres Wrenching zone => several juxtaposed SSB separated by uplifted areas => Individual basins difficult to correlate Syntectonic sediments (all. fans, progr. unconf., rapid facies change) Steel, 988 Link &Osborne, 978, Crowell & Link 98 Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne - Aulacogen Basins Aulacogen basins /initial rifting triple point / oblique rifting along abandoned branch / post-rift filling fluvial valley + major delta Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne
8 - Aulacogen Basins Examples of Aulacogen basins Ziegler, 99 Stampfli & Borel, 5 Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne - Aulacogen Basins Examples of Aulacogen basins Appalachian orogen front (late Palaeozoic) : Rifting + thermal subsidence S. Oklahoma «aulacogen» (Proterozoic- Cambrian) Iapetus Ocean (Cambrian-Early Mississipian) William Thomas,, Geosphere,7, 97- : Inversion foreland basin Soreghan & al, Geosphere,8, Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne
9 - Intra-cratonic Basins Cratonic Basins: Michigan Basin -> old rift??? Cretaceous Carboniferous Geological map km stratigraphy Precambrian Keweenawan rift outcrops Precambrian Keweenawan rift (positive gravity anomaly) Ordovician Iospachs (ft) 7 Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne - Intra-cratonic Basins Taoudenni Basin : the largest sedimentary basin in the World From Moussine & al. 8 Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne
10 - Intra-cratonic Basins Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne Hypotheses for subsidence of intra-cratonic basins ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT Figure 7 E E E E E b) E S SC NU anomaly (left) / standard deviation (right) (%) c) MA S anomaly (left) / stan d) 5 km std dev 8 km tomo TE N D 5 km tomo ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT - Intra-cratonic Basins Figure 7 E km tomo - UM RI N E km std dev PT E km tomo AC CE P Flow in the mantle responsible for subsidence & uplift? E E E km std dev E km tomo - UM NU S E E anomaly (left) / standard deviation (right) (%) E E E km tomo - UM 5 km tomo CR IP N S MA S dard deviation (right) (%) E km std dev - UM 5 km std dev d) NU S T km std dev 5 E b) c) AC CE PT ED 6 E MA S E (left) / standard anomaly deviation(right) (%) anomaly (left) / standard deviation (right) (%) D TE CE P - 6 SW NE % 6 f) NE anomaly (left) / standard deviation (right) (%) std dev % -.5% tomo SE NW % Buiter & al, std dev 5 g) tomo % g) 5 % SE f) - NW 6 tomo - SW (%) anomaly (left) /std standard deviation (right) dev 8 km std dev anomaly (left) / standard deviation (right) (%) 5 5 tomo E E 8 km tomo km std dev f) ard deviation (right) (%) 5 AC 8 km tomo e) E km std dev - UM Ex: Congo Basinanomaly??? (left) / standard deviation (right) (%) e) d) 5 km std dev E Dynamic topography : vertical displacement of the Earth surface generated in response to flow in the mantle (differs from topography = near surface density contrasts) S Long wavelength (>km) Heterogeneities within mantle imaged by seismic tomography ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT E b) S Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne E IP T E km tomo N SC R E std dev anomaly (left) / s g)
11 - Intra-cratonic Basins A new model for subsidence of cratonic basins? Armitage & Allen, Cratonic basins are part of the rift drift suite, occupying a portion of the existence field at low stretch factors and low extensional strain rate. Stretching factor β water-loaded subsidence (no sediment=> no effect of sediment load => =geodynamic subsidence) for high strain rate (left) and low strain rate (right) Thermal diffusion cools the upwelled asthenospheric mantle at a rate equal to the upward advection of the asthenosphere. Therefore when the extension is very slow, the upwelled asthenospheric mantle cools as it rises, and the thermal lithosphere thins less than by instantaneous or fast extension. This counters the buoyancy of the otherwise warmer upwelled mantle, giving prolonged thermal subsidence. Extensional strain rate Armitage & Allen, Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne - Intra-cratonic Basins The Congo intra-cratonic basin Simplified geological map + sediment isopachs + seismic profiles & borehole locations Geodynamic subsidence Age (Ma) Geodynamic subsidence from the wells + McKenzie type subsidence for normal and thick lithosphere ( & 5 km) Kadima & al, Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne
12 - Intra-cratonic Basins The Congo intra-cratonic basin Kadima & al, Age (Ma) Residual gravity anomaly obtained by removing the basin effect to the surface free air anomaly Evidence of an ancient rift? Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne - Late-orogenic Basins Late orogenic extensional basins East Shetland platform: Devonian extension following Caledonian orogeny Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne
13 - Late-orogenic Basins Model of late-orogenic extensional basin Séranne 988 Seguret & al. 989 Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne - Late-orogenic Basins Driving forces for late orogenic basins Extensional collapse Lateral extrusion Roll-back Séranne 99 e.g. : Variscan Europe e.g. : Scandinavian Caledonides e.g. : W. Mediterranean; Aegean Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne
14 Subsidence of all type of basins. Compare and discuss! 7 Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne Heat flow of all type of basins. Compare and discuss! Allen & Allen 6 8 Master Réservoirs Géologiques Dynamique des Bassins - Michel Séranne
IV OTHER TYPES OF BASINS
IV OTHER TYPES OF BASINS 1-Strike-slip basins 2-Cratonic basins 3 Late orogenic basins and more 1 Tectonic setting of strike-slip faulting Woodcock 1986 2 Seismic examples of stike-slip faults «!Flower
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