isimm (integrated Seismic Imaging & Modelling of Margins)

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1 NERC/DTI Ocean Margins Thematic Programme isimm (integrated Seismic Imaging & Modelling of Margins) PIs - Nick Kusznir & Bob White Liverpool University, Cambridge University Co-PIs - Phil Christie & Alan Roberts Schlumberger Cambridge Research, Badley Geoscience isimm Team Members Cambridge Roman Spitzer, Zoë Lunnon, Craig Parkin, Alan W. Roberts, Lindsey Smith, Jennifer Eccles Liverpool Dave Healy, Neil Hurst, Vijay Tymms, Rosie Fletcher, Alex Chappell Industry Partners

2 A Kinematic Fluid-flow Model of Sea-floor Spreading Initiation and Rifted Continental Margin Formation Nick Kusznir* & the isimm Team Department of Earth & Ocean Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

3 Rifted Continental Margin Formation Is the process the same as that which forms intra-continental rift basins?? Do we just stretch the continental lithosphere by infinity to form a rifted margin? Recent discoveries at rifted margins Depth Dependent Stretching Mantle Exhumation These cannot be explained by existing rift basin formation models New rifted margin formation model is needed

4 New Model of Rifted Margin Formation Assume dominant process for thinning continental margin lithosphere leading to breakup is - Upwelling & divergent flow within continental lithosphere & asthenosphere Not depth-uniform intra-continental extension (a) (b) Continental Lithosphere Extension Dyke Intrusion continental crust continental lithospheric mantle asthenosphere Sea Floor Spreading continental crust Model sea-floor spreading initiation (c) continental lithospheric mantle asthenosphere

5 Modelling the establishment of divergent flow-fields leading to breakup Corner-flow model Isoviscous stream-function solution (Batchelor 1967) Kinematic - define divergent & upwelling velocities Define V x (divergent half-rate velocity) Define V z (upwelling velocity) Pre-breakup Divergent Stretching V x V x V z 1 z Ψ= ( Ax+ Bz) + ( Cx+ Dz)tan ( ) x 1 z x Ux = B Dtan ( ) + ( Cx+ Dz)( ) 2 2 x x + z 1 z y Uz = A+ Ctan ( ) + ( Cx+ Dy)( ) 2 2 x x + z Flow streamlines where A, B, C & D depend on U x & U z

6 Modelling the establishment of divergent flow-fields leading to breakup Derive flow-field Advect continental lithosphere material Use coupled thermal diffusion & advection solution Flow streamlines divergence axis T t = κ 2 T u. T Depth (km) Lithosphere continental margin oceanic lithosphere & asthenosphere continental crust continental lithospheric mantle Temperature

7 Modelling Rifted Margin Formation Time Evolution V x = 1 cm/yr, V z /V x = 1 Depth (km) Initiation Ma continental crust continental lithospheric mantle Crustal rupture 5 Ma Lithosphere rupture (breakup) 12.5 Ma Sea-floor spreading 25 Ma oceanic lithosphere & asthenosphere continental margin

8 Modelling Volcanic Margin Formation Time =1 Ma crust continental lithospheric mantle oceanic lithospheric & asthenosphere depth dependent stretching continental margin Temperature Streamlines for t < 2Ma Streamlines for t > 2Ma

9 Modelling Non-volcanic Margin Formation Time =1 Ma crust continental lithospheric mantle oceanic lithospheric & asthenosphere continental mantle exhumation continental margin depth dependent stretching Temperature

10 Modelling Margin Formation New model predicts Depth dependent stretching Mantle exhumation Bathymetry and subsidence history Heat flow history Gravity Anomalies Moho continental lithospheric mantle depth dependent stretching

11 SfMargin - Modelling Margin Formation

12 Depth (m) Bathymetry Bathymetry Predicted Observed SfMargin Applications NSF/Intermargins/ESF Margin Modelling Workshop Pontresina July 24 Newfoundland Margin Screech Depth (km) Vz/Vx =1.5, b = 1 (with sediments) Gravity Anomaly (mgal) Total Gravity Anomaly (FAG-Ocean/Bouguer-Land) Gravity Calculated Observed Lithosphere Cross Section Bathymetry/Topography Top Basement Base Upper Crust Base Crust (Moho) Base Continental Lithosphere -1

13 SfMargin - Modelling Margin Formation Workflow for Industry Applications Invert observed bathymetry & gravity data to give margin deformation kinematics Use model to predict margin crustal structure lithosphere temperature heat flow subsidence history Depth (m) 1 Bathymetry Predicted Observed Depth (km) Bathymetry/Topography Base Upper Crust Base Crust (Moho) Base Continental Lithosphere Lithosphere Cross Section Gravity Anomaly (mgal) Total Free Air Gravity Anomaly Calculated Observed Heat Flow (mw/m-2) Heat Flow

14 Inverse Methods Synthetic Data Forward model input parameters Vx = 2cm -1 Vz = 3 cm/yr β = 3 Grid search inversion using predicted thinning factor, bathymetry and gravity Successful recovery of input parameters with zero least squares misfit (L2 Norm) Final geometry Final temperature

15 Inverse Methods Goban Spur Grid search inversion minimum misfit V z / V x = 1.25 β = 1.5 Comparison of best fit model prediction with observations

16 Breakup Initiation & Pre-Breakup Basin Formation Application to basins formed during sea-floor spreading initiation or failed breakup Model upward propagation of upwelling divergent flow field within continental lithosphere & asthenosphere Continental Lithosphere Asthenosphere Continental Lithosphere Asthenosphere Examples Woodlark Basin, Nam Con Son Basin, Faroes-Shetland Basin

17 Nam Con Son Basin Located at propagating SW tip of mid-miocene sea-floor spreading in South China Sea Large post-rift subsidence Little continental upper crustal extension Post-rift Mid Miocene 2 km 1 km b 5 1 faulting (b = 1.15) thermal subsidence (b = 5.) Woodlark Basin Young ocean basin - initiated ~ 8 Ma 3 m subsidence in continent ahead of propagating tip Little continental upper-crustal extension

18 SfMargin Applied to Pre-breakup Basin Formation Depth (km) No stretching of the upper crust Large thinning of lithospheric mantle and lower crust Syn-breakup Asthenosphere Continental upper crust Lower crust Continental lithospheric mantle Base Lithosphere Lithosphere Cross Section Broad syn-breakup sag basin Moho Large post-breakup subsidence Depth (km) Thinning Factor (1-1/beta) Lithosphere Thinning Factor (1-1/b) Whole crust Upper Crust Whole Crust Lithosphere Upper crust Post-breakup 5 Ma Sag Basin Palaeo-asthenosphere Palaeo-continental lithospheric mantle Moho -14 Lithosphere Cross Section

19 isimm Posters -Geodynamic Modelling David Healy - Breakup Kinematics from Inversion of Bathymetry & Gravity Data Vijay Tymms Effects of Temperature Dependent Rheology on Continental Breakup & Margin Formation Neil Hurst Thinning, Subsidence and Plume Uplift on the Faroes Margin from Flexural Backstripping & Gravity Inversion

20 Hatton Bank /July 22

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