Why do we need standards for global geophysics and resource exploration?
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1 Standards and software for global geophysics Dietmar Müller School of Geosciences and Univ. of Sydney Institute of Marine Science The University of Sydney
2 Why do we need standards for global geophysics and resource exploration? Earth Science is data rich and information poor Earth resources form over time periods of hundreds of millions or billions of years In order to associate a likelihood of resource formation with a particular basin or geological terrane, we must be able to trace all relevant data through geological time
3 PLATE TECTONICS Most of us have a static view of the Earth and nearly all geodata we store in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are associated with present-day coordinates only. However, the most fundamental, large-scale process occurring in the Earth s interior is convection of the mantle, responsible for the continual reshaping of the surface through plate tectonics
4 Everything on Earth is controlled by Plate Tectonics Resources (hydrocarbons, minerals) Geothermal energy (mostly granites and active volcanism) Tourism (landscape, beaches, ocean) Climate past and present (distribution of continents and oceans) Agriculture (limestone, weathered basalt) Wine & beer (beer: magnesium limestone, terroir) Civil engineering (stability of slopes, tunnels, dams, hazards) Evolution of life and biodiversity (distribution of continents) Very important in planetary research
5 Why do we need standards for global geophysics and resource exploration? It is not the data themselves that lead to commercial success, but the well-informed interpretation of geodata in a plate tectonic context, leading to the generation of new ideas, models and more successful exploration We need standardised, platform-independent, webextensible software and a "Plate Tectonic GIS" in which all data are attached to moving tectonic plates through geological time This software and database system needs to be connected to HPC computing tools for 4D process modelling
6 Data to plate encoder via global plate polygon file to GPML, based on XMML EarthBytes System Plate Tectonic GIS QuickTime and a Cinepak decompressor are needed to see this picture. Interactive manipulation of plate models GPlates map making module (based on GMT software), interactive or scripting-based Geodynamic/ paleoclimate modelling applications
7 QuickTime and a Video decompressor are needed to see this picture. Müller, 2003, Marine geo-informatics, In: The Science Foundation for Physics
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9 Mantle convection 170Ma to present - density anomaly slice at 790 km QuickTime and a Video decompressor are needed to see this picture.
10 Mantle convection through time from analytical flow model Starting point: mantle tomographic model 1300km 2700km Convert velocity anomalies into density anomalies using empirical conversion factor Use spectral code to advect density anomalies back through time, by spherical harmonic expansion of the flow field Viscosity model based on geoid/postglacial rebound constraints Surface plate velocities (and plate boundaries) through time are used as model boundary conditions. Basal boundary free slip.
11 QuickTime and a Video decompressor are needed to see this picture. O Neill, Müller and Steinberger, EPSL 2004, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2005
12 QuickTime and a Video decompressor are needed to see this picture. Dynamic surface topography due to vertical component of mantle convection
13 Anomalous Late Tertiary subsidence along northern margin of South China Sea (Xie, Müller et al, Basin Research, in rev.)
14 Modelling continental paleostress: Need to merge oceanic and continental data as boundary condition constraints for FEM Collision HY SA Collision PNG JT BA NH SOL TK MOR AAD NZ HOT! Plate driving forces
15 56 Ma Crustal Age (Ma)
16 Sedimentary Basins Rheological Provinces Fold Belts Strength: Cratons > Basins > Fold Belts Cratons N.W. C.S = north west continental shelf, S. C.S. = southern continental shelf, E. C.S. = eastern continental shelf, NEB = north east block, ARB = Arunta block, MIB = Mt Isa Block, MUB = Musgrave block, YB = Yilgarn craton, GB = Gawler block, MD = Murray- Darling basin, N. LA. F. B = north Lachlan fold belt, S. LA. F. B = south Lachlan fold belt, OB = Otway basin, CWZ = Central Weak Zone
17 Late Miocene (20 Ma) Present Early Miocene (45 Ma) Eocene (55 Ma) Dyksterhuis and Müller (Exploration Geophysics, 2004) Dyksterhuis, Albert, Müller (Comp. & Geosci, 2005) Dyksterhuis, Müller, Albert (JGR, in press)
18 Basin dynamics Integration of data as constraints for geodynamic and basin models 2-D (+3d) dynamic basin modelling including the mantle, lithosphere and sediments Investigate alternative basin formation scenarios to provide a framework for new exploration models/plays Extension/strain history and tectonic reactivation, role of magmatism resulting paleogeography and basin architecture that controls spatial and temporal hydrocarbon distribution
19 Iberian seismic data
20 Newfoundland seismic data
21 Conceptual Newfoundland -Iberian rifting models
22 Rheic ocean closure
23 Global Crustal Types Continental Crust Accretionary Crust Arcs & Rifted Crust Oceanic Crust Young Accreted Oceanic Terranes Oceanic Plateaus
24 3-layer model with quartzite rheology for the upper crust, felsic granulite for the lower crust and dry periodotite for the mantle). All layers are 15km thick. One pre-existing fault Is implemented in middle of model, dipping to the right at 45 deg. QuickTime and a GIF decompressor are needed to see this picture. Moho temp. of 500 deg. C. QuickTime and a GIF decompressor are needed to see this picture. Moho temp. of 600 deg. C.
25 Melt in plume rising beneath thick cratonic keel - with diamonds QuickTime and a GIF decompressor are needed to see this picture. O Neill et al., GSA Spec. Pub. 22, 2003 Temperature isosurface (red), chemically distinct root (orange), diamond stability field (blue diamonds), melt (ie. supersolidus temperature, yellow spheres), and gridded plot of diamonds + melt (bluish grid on top: diamonds and melt simultaneously occur in hot regions).
26 Geodynamic modelling on explorers desktops: Exploration geodynamics through interoperability in geo-databases and software Geodynamics Combined mantle convection and plate kinematic modelling Palaeostress modelling Dynamic basin modelling (mantle convection, lithospheric thinning, sedimentation/ erosion) Seismic and well data integration and interpretation Lithologies Physical properties Biostratigraphy Basin geometry Faulting through time Frontier basin history Improved palaeogeography based on moving hotspot reference frame Put constraints on tectonic/thermal history of deep sedimentary sections Determine cause of syn-rift magmatism Constrain timing of fault reactivation by combining palaeo-stress modelling with observations from seismic data
27 EarthBytes challenges Standard information model development GPlates Markup Language - GPML, based on XMML - is still in its infancy (GPlates Group) GeoDynamics Markup Language - GDML (will probably be spearheaded through Computational Infrastructure for Geodynamics (CIG) Group (GDML) - only a concept for now Geological timescale model (S. Cox, CHRONOS) - relatively advanced (S. Cox) Rock properties data base (pmdcrc?)??
28 EarthBytes challenges Embedding of gridded data into GPML - based on CSML? (collaboration with AUKEGGS/NERC Data Grid) Platform independent binary encodings essential (netcdf?) Vertical slices as important as in CSML (eg seismic data) Irregularly spaced grids (important for numerical model meshes - also for deforming grids (as tectonics plates are deformable) Design and populate data bases (import legacy data) Link variety of geodynamic modelling tools to Earthbytes data
29 EarthBytes Partners QuickTime and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
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