Sedimentation on passive margins. Master1 Géologie de l Exploration et des Réservoirs Dynamique des Bassins Michel Séranne
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1 Sedimentation on passive margins 1
2 Tectonic-sedimentation relationships at passive margin scale rift Break-up Young margin Sedimentation is controled by continental margin geodynamic evolution Mature margin 2
3 Tectonic-sedimentation relationships on passive margins Syntectonic sedim. Stage «rift» Axial lake (restricted) M.O. preserved thermal anomaly Outward drainage => Starved basin Lithosphere stretching 3
4 Model: East African rift 4
5 Tectonic-sedimentation relationships on passive margins Transgression => evaporites Stage «break-up» Young (hot) ocean. lithosph. Sub-horizontal basement Thermal anomaly cooling cooling => densification => subsidence Oceanic accretion => Extensional stress stops => Fault activity stops 5
6 Model: Afar & Red Sea Red Sea/ Afar triple Junction Rift Marge continentale d Aden 6
7 Tectonic-sedimentation relationships on passive margins Sed = Accom => aggradation Stage «young margin» Differential Subsidence => tilting Gravitational Tectonics Differential accomm. Proximal->distal facies 7
8 Tectonic-sedimentation relationships on passive margins Flexural uplift Terrigenous sediment flux Stage «mature margin» progradation Reduced thermal subsidence Deep-sea fan Added sediment load => Subsidence (flexure) 8
9 Synthetic log of passive margins - 0 marin Break-up unconf 0 lacustre Water depth Sed > Acc Acc >> Sed Acc = Sed Sed > Acc Acc > Sed Thermal postrift Subsidence Synrift subsidence Subsidence 9
10 Integrated study of passive margins «source-to-sink» Watershed - depocentre relationship Angola: thick and focused deposits extensive continental watershed Africa SW: distributed and thin deposits little continental erosion Oligocene-Present isopachs Rust & Summerfield 1990, Anka 2004 Congo deep-sea-fan 4.5km km Congo Orange 10
11 Long-term evolution of W. Africa deep-sea fans 0km 5km 10km Congo-Angola: Cenozoic deep-sea-fan synrift Cont. crust Oceanic crust 50km South-Africa : late Cretaceous margin + deep-sea-fan seamount Oceanic crust Syn-rift+SDR Cont. Cr. 50km Séranne &Anka 2005, 11
12 Onset of deep-sea-fan deposition in Oligocene 0.5 s SW Condensed surface 1 km SB Progradation of Tertiary DSF Down lap NE Miocene latest Base Oligocene Top Turonian On lap Aptian salt Top Oc. Cr. Tur. 12
13 ? Rust & Summerfield 1990, Anka 2004, Leturmy & Lucazeau ? Condensed interval
14 terrigeous Continental erosion terrigenous marls carbonates Evaporites Reduced continental erosion terrigenous = syntectonic sedimentation 14
15 Record of Climate change on passive margins Climate change (icehouse) => increased continental erosion => increase terrigenous flux 15
16 Oceanic crust Amazon example Terrigenous sediments over oceanic crust Huge depocenter => burial + gravitational tectonics Large sediment flux => large watershed and intense erosion Sedimentation rate increases in Miocene 10-25Ma 0-10Ma Continental crust Lopez, 1996 Gravitational tectonics DSF load Ma Ma Ma Oceanic crust Rifted Continental Crust 20km 16 Deep sea fans on mature margins
17 Flexural loading of Amazon DSF Characterizing and computing the extra-subsidence due to the lithosphere flexure in response to the load of the Amazon DSF Flexural uplift (<40m) around the load Watts, 2009 Extra-subsidence (>2km at the center of load) 17
18 Congo Turbidite deep-sea-fan (800 km) Angola ent Escarpem Deep-sea fan : Congo (Lopez, 2000) 18 Margin
19 Geometry of Congo DSF Isopach map of Oligocene - Present (Anka, 2004) 19
20 Effect of Congo DSF on the passive margin medio-atlantic ridge Niger fan Congo fan Sedimentary load => flexure of the oceanic lithosphere Congo watershed Modifié d après Uchupi,
21 Flexural loading of Congo DSF Te=20km (Anka, 2004) Subs. >2km 21
22 Interactions Margin-DSF DSF sedimentary record complements that of the margin; DSF depocentres are as big as margin s depocentre, Loading increases subsidence in mature margins AND flexural uplift of oshore margin; Continental drainage concentrates in few major rivers DSF record processes active on continent (Seranne Anka, 2005) 22
23 Source-to-sink Yellow River / Bohai Sea NASA 23
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