Rocks and the Rock Cycle. Banded Iron Formation

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1 Rocks and the Rock Cycle Banded Iron Formation

2 Rocks Big rocks into pebbles, Pebbles into sand. I really hold a million, million Rocks here in my hand. Florence Parry Heide

3 How do rocks change? How are rocks formed? How are rocks treasured?

4 Volcanoes Earthquakes Heat and earth s movement change what rocks look like and change landforms. What landforms do volcanoes and earthquakes form?

5

6 Earthquakes

7 Water Wind Ice Erosion and weathering change rocks and land formations. What changes do you see?

8 Water

9 Wind

10 Ice

11 What are the main parts of the rock cycle that you should know?

12 Man changes rocks in many ways. Look for ways that rocks are used.

13 Rocks A rock is a naturally occurring, solid mixture of minerals. Fig 4.1

14 Three Classes of Rocks Igneous (made by fire ) - Solidified from molten rock (magma & lava). Sedimentary - Deposited and buried at Earth s surface. Metamorphic ( changed form ) - Transformed from pre-existing rocks under high pressure and temperature.

15 Three Classes of Rocks Fig 4.2

16 Igneous Rock Igneous rock comes from cooled magma and lava. What are some names of igneous rock?

17 Sedimentary Rock Pieces of rock erode and pile up in layers to create sedimentary rocks. This is where you can find fossils. What other types of rock are sedimentary rocks?

18 Metamorphic Rocks Metamorphic rock are sedimentary or igneous rocks that have been changed under pressure while deep in the crust of the earth. What kinds of rocks are metamorphic rock?

19 Distinguishing Characteristics Mineralogy The different minerals that make up the rock and their relative proportions Texture - Sizes, shapes, and arrangements of minerals within the rock: Course-grained Fine-grained Foliated (layered) All are clues to a rock s origin and history.

20 Igneous Rocks Minerals crystallize out of melted rock from deep within Earth s crust or mantle High temperatures, up to 700 C or more!! Crystal size depends on cooling rate. Intrusive rocks cool slowly within deep magma chambers: Large, coarse crystals form Extrusive rocks cool rapidly at (or near) the surface of the earth: Fine-grained, often glassy

21 Common in volcanic areas & plate boundaries Igneous Rocks

22 Igneous High melting temperatures - Abundance of silicon and oxygen

23 Sedimentary Rocks Loose particles (sand, silt, ocean shells) accumulate on shorelines, basins, rivers, etc., Clastic Sediments Minerals precipitate from dissolved chemicals in water Chemical & Biochemical Sediments All are the products of Weathering - that breaks up and decays rocks, and Erosion - that transports from source to point of deposition

24 Common along passive margins (and other basins) Weathering & Erosion Transport Basement Rocks Clastic: Sandstone Deposition Chemical: Limestone

25 Sedimentary Silicates (esp. Clays) Carbonates Sulfates & Halides (Precipitates)

26 Metamorphic Rocks High temperatures and pressures deep inside the Earth cause changes in mineralogy, texture, and composition Changes take place in Solid State by recrystallization and chemical reactions Temperatures greater than 250, less than 700

27 Common at collisional plate boundaries Metamorphic Rocks

28 Metamorphic Rocks Not Foliated Distinct lowpressure minerals Foliated - Layers defined by Fig 4.6 Alignment of minerals (micas & clays) Alternating bands of mineral types Indicative of high pressures and deformation during formation

29 Metamorphic Silicates predominate -Due to silicate source rocks

30 Characteristic Metamorphic Minerals staurolite kyanite sillimanite garnet andalusite For more images:

31 Rock Types Sedimentary rocks are most abundant near Earth s surface - poor preservation Sediments make up 75% surface area Outcrops Igneous and Metamorphic rocks make up most of the crustal volume - limited exposure! Sediments make up only 5% by volume

32 Outcrop Exposures -Measure orientation & thickness - Record regional patterns on geologic maps - Infer what lies below

33

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38 ??????????

39 Rock Types How can we sample what lies below the surface? By drilling: e.g., Sediments make up 75% surface area Ocean Drilling Outcrops Oceans - all over, - passive margins - rifting & spreading - convergent - hot spots Continents - San Andreas Fault - Chelungpu Fault - Hawaii Continental Drilling Sediments make up only 5% by volume

40 The Rock Cycle -Melting & Intrusion -Solidification of melt -Mountain Building -Uplift & Exposure -Weathering -Erosion & Transport -Deposition & Burial -Metamorphism -Melting & Intrusion

41 (a) The Rock Cycle Convergent Plate Boundary -Subducting slab -Mantle melting -Buoyant rise of melt

42 Convergent Plate Boundary -Solidification of melt -Mountain building (b) The Rock Cycle

43 Precipitation & Weathering -Moisture laden air -Precipitation and run-off -Freezing & thawing (c) The Rock Cycle

44 Sediment Transport to Oceans -Deposition -Burial & lithification -Chemical precipitation (d) The Rock Cycle

45 (e) The Rock Cycle Deformation & Metamorphism -Continental collision (i.e., orogeny) -Burial & deformation -Increased pressure & temperature

46 (a) The Rock Cycle Convergent Plate Boundary -Subducting slab -Mantle melting -Buoyant rise of melt

47 Plate Tectonics & Climate -Plate tectonics drives uplift & subsidence -Climatic processes weather & transport sediment -Interactions control the rock cycle

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