LIVE: PAPER 2 EXAM QUESTIONS 12 NOVEMBER 2014

Transcription

1 LIVE: PAPER 2 EXAM QUESTIONS 12 NOVEMBER 2014 In this lesson we: Lesson Description Revise various questions related to topics in tested in the various questions in Paper 2 Question 1 Test Yourself Why is it difficult to incorporate nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into the nitrogen cycle of the biosphere? A B C D E Question 2 Nitrogen is not very abundant in the atmosphere. Few organisms can directly utilise atmospheric nitrogen gas. Most plants do not require organic nitrogen compounds for survival. Oceans quickly absorb nitrogen gas. Living organisms quickly absorb nitrogen gas. Organisms that use inorganic nutrients and an outside energy source to produce sugars and other organic nutrients for themselves and other members of the community are A B C D Question 3 autotrophs saprophytes heterotrophs herbivores A boy is bitten by a snake on his left leg. Poison gets to his heart through the... A B C D Question 4 pulmonary vein left subclavian vein inferior vena cava hepatic portal vein The correct sequence of blood circulation through the heart and body, from the left ventricle is... A 4, 6, 2, 1, 3, 5 B 2, 6, 4, 5, 3, 1 C 2, 1, 6, 3, 4, 5 D 3, 5, 1, 2, 6, 4 Page 1

2 Question 5 Why are fossils of hard-bodied organisms more common than soft-bodied organisms? A B C D Question 6 The fossils of soft-bodied organisms preserve better than hard structures. The fossils of hard-bodied organisms preserve better than soft structures. There are more organisms with hard structures in aquatic environments. There are more organisms with soft structures in land environments. Several fossils were uncovered in different layers of rock in a desert area. The following diagram indicates the age of the layers of rock and the fossils found in each. Based on the fossils found, this area was most likely once a: A lake that was replaced by a forest B forest that was replaced by a sea C rainforest that was replaced by a forest D forest that was replaced by grassland Question 7 Refer to the information in the table below and then answer the question that follows. Which statement is correct? A Proteins (per unit mass) are a better fuel than fats. B Carbohydrates (per gram) release more energy than fats, but less than proteins. C Fats (per gram) release more energy than carbohydrates and proteins. D Proteins (per unit mass) release more energy than fats but less than carbohydrates. Page 2

3 Question 8 Scientists have discovered fossils of whale ancestors that have well developed hip and thigh bones, which are typically used for walking by mammals. Modern whales most likely evolved from ancestors who: A B C D Question 9 lived in the sea, then became better adapted for land lived on land, then became better adapted for the sea evolved in the sea and remained in the sea evolved on land and remained on land. A generalised food chain may be shown as follows: producer primary consumer secondary consumer tertiary consumer Which labelled organisms in the food web below are both secondary and tertiary consumers? Question 10 The diagram represents part of the carbon cycle. Page 3

4 Question 1 Exam Questions 1.1 The diagram below shows the main parts in a section of the human skeleton Provide the biological names for the bones labelled C and D. (2) Carefully mark an X on the diagram to indicate the position of a hinge joint, and a Y to show a ball and socket joint (2) How many lumbar vertebrae are there (one of them is indicated by label B (1) Explain how the region of the skeleton labeled A is adapted in a woman to assist the process of childbirth. (2) 1.2 Consult the diagram below and answer the questions which follow Give a suitable heading for the above diagram. (1) Label parts 2 and 4. (2) State the function of parts 3 and 5. (2) Page 4

5 1.3 Read the extract below and then answer the questions that follow, using the information in the extract as well as your own biological knowledge Extract adapted from the Sports Injury Bulletin. May 25, Authors: Rahul Patel and Fares Haddad The summer of 2002 was all about the metatarsal of David Beckham. This summer, another of his small bones grabbed the headlines, the scaphoid. Mr Beckham was in South Africa, when another tackle was made on the England captain, during a friendly against Bafana Bafana, and resulted in an awkward landing and a wrist injury. Surprisingly, the media frenzy was not as fervent, but this time there was no World Cup round the corner. Nevertheless, David Beckham's misfortune has provided us with an opportunity to outline the numerous problems and pitfalls associated with scaphoid fractures. Anatomy & biomechanics The scaphoid is one of eight carpal bones which lie in two rows. It is a boat-shaped bone, which articulates directly with the radius and is a critical link in the mechanism of the carpus. A complex series of ligaments exist between the scaphoid and other carpal bones. The blood supply of the scaphoid arises from the radial artery entering the scaphoid. This accounts for up to 80% of the entire blood supply to the carpal bones, which is one of the reasons why a fracture to the scaphoid must be treated seriously Where exactly will you find the radius in the human skeleton? (2) State the difference between a ligament and a tendon. (1) Give the correct biological name (from the article) for the actual bone broken by David Beckham in May of (1) Explain 2 reasons why bones need a blood supply as stated in the passage. (2) Question 2 The diagram below shows the double circulatory system of humans. 2.1 Which circuit starts at the: left ventricle and ends at the right atrium (1) right ventricle and ends at the left atrium (1) 2.2 Write down the name and number of the: blood vessel which carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart (2) blood vessel which returns oxygenated blood to the heart (2) Page 5

6 2.3 The information below compares some features of different blood vessels. Blood vessel Artery Capillary Vein Property Tissues present in wall Mean diameter of vessel Mean thickness of wall Endothelium Elastic tissue Muscle 4.0 mm 8.0 μm 5.0 mm 1.0 mm 0.5 μm 0.5 mm Relative thickness (shown by length of bar) Describe the structure of a capillary using information from the graph. (3) Explain how the structure of the capillary is suited to the function it performs. (2) Explain the difference between the thickness of the artery and the vein. (3) 2.4 Study the flow diagram below and answer the questions that follow The flow diagram illustrates both the circulatory system and the lymphatic system. Provide TWO differences between these systems in the body. (4) Provide a name for the fluid labelled A. (1) Provide a function for the lymph nodes. (1) Page 6

7 Question Explain in detail the importance of the process that is represented by the arrow labelled B. (3) What would happen to the body if the process represented by arrow B did not occur? (1) Name a substance that could be moving from the cells into the blood as represented by the arrow labelled C. (1) Explain why the vessels labelled D and E both have valves. (2) Explain the importance of the process represented by the arrow labelled F. (1) 3.1 Study the map below where South Africa s terrestrial biomes are indicated with the letters A to G and answer the questions below Which biome is also known as the Bushveld? (name not letter) (1) Which biome is a main tourist attraction during spring when the whole area is covered with flowers? (name not letter) (1) In which biome will you find the following plant species? (Letter only) a) Vygies, quiver trees, pebble plant b) Proteas, ericas, reeds c) Yellowwood, stinkwood d) Mopane, monkey thorn, baobab Page 7

8 3.2 The diagram below shows the feeding relationships in a coral reef in the Caribbean. Question Use the diagram to explain why a coral reef can be described as an ecosystem. (2) Explain why the sea stars are both secondary and tertiary consumers. (2) Name another abiotic factor, besides those listed that will play a role in this ecosystem. (1) State TWO ways in which human activities may affect coral reef ecosystems, either directly or indirectly. (2) Explain how conservation of the coral reefs may benefit the local communities. (2) The parrot fish, shown in the diagram, became infected by a virus which drastically reduced their numbers. Explain two effects that this might have on other organisms in the ecosystem. (4) The picture shows the fossil remains of a bird. Look carefully at the picture. Some parts of the bird were fossilised. Page 8

9 4.1 What were these parts made of? (1) 4.2 Explain why these parts have been preserved. (2) 4.3 How can you tell that this fossil was a bird? (1) 4.4 This bird lived about 140 million years ago. This type of bird is now extinct What does extinct mean? (1) Suggest one reason why this bird became extinct. (1) Name one other example of an animal that became extinct many millions of years ago. (1) 4.5 The diagram below represents a simplified geological time-scale showing how the number of families (groups of related species) has changed over a period of time When did the Cenozoic era begin? (2) What is a mass extinction? (2) Give the name of the mass extinction that took place towards the end of the Paleozoic era? (1) Explain how an ice age could cause a mass extinction. (6) Page 9

10 4.6 Base your answer on the diagrams below, which represent two bedrock outcrops, I and II, found several kilometres apart from each other. Rock layers are lettered A through F. Drawings represent specific index fossils What characteristics must a fossil have in order to be considered a good index fossil? (2) During which geological time period was rock layer C deposited? (2) Which layer in outcrop II may be considered missing from outcrop I where the region labelled unconformity is found? (2) State which TWO weathering processes could have caused the unconformity if rock layer E is sedimentary rock. (2) Which rock layer in outcrop I is most likely the same relative age as rock layer D in outcrop II? (2) Page 10

11 Answers Test Yourself 1. B 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. B 6. B 7. C. 8. B 9. A 10. B Exam Questions Question C = coccyx / coccygeal vertebrae D = femur X (hinge joint) drawn between femur and pelvic girdle Y Y (ball and socket joint) drawn between finger bones/at elbow any Wider/more bowl-shaped any good reason (NOT larger) Cartilage more elastic at the front Diagram to show an LS through a typical hinge / knee/ synovial joint = ligament / joint capsule/ capsular ligament 4 = synovial fluid to prevent friction between the bones 5 to secrete synovial fluid in forearm in line with the thumb (NOT attached to thumb) between hand and elbow / ll l to ulna ligament joins bones to bones at the joints but a tendon joins bones to muscles scaphoid/carpal needs supply of nutrients or oxygen as is a living tissue/has cells blood cells made in bones need to leave the bones and enter the bloodstream remove CO 2 and other waste products Page 11

12 Question Systemic Pulmonary Pulmonary Artery pulmonary vein Tiny diameter (80 um) with thinnest wall composed of only endothelium Very thin to allow for rapid diffusion and narrow to increase pressure to speed up diffusion. Artery has very thick wall to resist the pressure as carries blood under high pressure. Vein has thinner walls as pressure is lower returning blood to heart Circulatory system- vessels are continuous, pump is present Lymphatic system- vessels are blind ended, no pump present tissue fluid/ lymph Make cells of the immune system and anti-bodies Drain tissue fluid from the capillary bed and return the excess fluid to the circulation oedema/ swelling Carbon dioxide, wastes To push the blood back to the heart as the blood is under less pressure and is moving against gravity lymph is returning to the circulation Question savannah succulent karoo a) C b) E c) F d)a food web consists of abiotic factors interacting with biotic factors sec - they feed on sponges which are herbivores Tert - and on sea urchins which are carnivores/secondary consumers eg. water temperature / salinity / ph / currents / soil etc breaking off corals when diving Over fishing Catching fish for sale / the pet trade Coral bleaching due to inc water temp Pollution eg. oil, plastic etc leads to increased tourism - thus improve economy Locals trained as guides - thus job creation Money received for more conservation etc Page 12

13 3.2.6 less food for octopus/nassau grouper thus their no s decrease Question 4 thus less food for sharks as their food supply drops increase in coral polyps and sea urchins feed on lower trophic level more etc 4.1 bones [and feathers] 4.2 hard parts do not decay 4.3 has feathers all of kind have died out e.g. change of habitat named extinct organism, e.g. Dinosaur mya When many species disappear during the same period of time Ordovician The freezing of the water reduces sea levels so the remaining water becomes more salty therefore some marine organisms die. The terrestrial organisms are forced to migrate towards the equator where it is warmer and this increases the amount of competition between the organisms It must be typical of a particular geological time period and have lived only in that particular geological time period Palaeozoic era Region E Weathering through erosion or wind action Rock layer B Page 13