1. What is the definition of uniformitarianism? 2. What is the definition of organic? 4. What is the definition of inorganic?

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1 Earth Science Unit 3- History of the Earth Knowledge Packet Learning Target 3B: Have you ever thought about the history of the Earth? No, well you should have because it s pretty cool. Things like mountain formation, erosion (when rock is removed from by wind or water) and volcanic eruptions have been happening since the beginning of time. This is the idea of Uniformitarianism, if things are happening today they most likely occurred in the past and will continue to happen in the future. So if volcanoes are erupting now, they also erupted in the past, and will continue to erupt in the future. There are also the idea that things and processes are organic or inorganic. Organic processes are things that are alive (or were once alive). These things include plants, animals, humans, bacteria, and even fungus. If a tree dies, it is still organic because it was once alive. Having an animal s heart beating or a plant being able to complete photosynthesis are organic processes because those processes keep that organism alive. Inorganic processes are things that are not alive. These are things like rocks, air, and water and also include processes like volcanic eruptions or mountain formation. Now that we have a few of the basics down, let s go over the history of the earth that allowed for life to exist on land. The Earth formed 5 billion years ago, but at that time it was just a large rock with a molten magma core. 4.5 billion years ago, the magma came to the surface as a volcano. The volcanic eruption created the first atmosphere on earth and it consisted of mainly water vapor and carbon dioxide. 4 billion years ago the water vapor in the atmosphere started to condense (form into droplets) and fell as rain to land. This created the water of the oceans. This carbon dioxide rich atmosphere and ocean allowed for the formation of small organ ism called blue-green algae to form 1 billion years ago. The blue-green algae (which is a plant) was able to live in the ocean and complete photosynthesis (take in the Carbon Dioxide and release Oxygen). The rapid growth of the algae allowed for a large production of oxygen gas to gather in the atmosphere. But all life was still bound to the water because the Sun would burn organisms with its heat energy. It took approximately 400 million years, but when enough oxygen molecules were released into the atmosphere, they formed the ozone layer. The ozone layer protects organisms from the UV light radiation that would burn anything on land. So the fact that the atmosphere was now composed of mostly oxygen and the ozone protected from the sun, organisms were safe to move onto land and life as we know it could exist. What did you learn? 1. What is the definition of uniformitarianism? 2. What is the definition of organic? 3. What are examples of organic objects and organic processes? 4. What is the definition of inorganic? 5. What are examples of inorganic objects and inorganic processes? 6. What gases did the first atmosphere contain and where did they come from? 7. What gases did the later atmosphere contain and where did it come from? 8. Tell the story of how life was able to form on Earth (start at the beginning of time and end a t life on land) *You should do this on a different piece of paper*

2 Learning Target 3C: Epochs You have now discovered how life forms on Earth, but we have to have a way to measure that. Just like a year is broken down into different months and different days, geologic time is broken down as well. Geologic time is broken down into Eras, periods and epochs. An Era is the longest amount of time (like a year is the longest time listed above). Each era contained the same type of animals. The Precambrian era contained mostly single celled organisms, the Paleozoic era contained mostly aquatic organism, the Mesozoic Era contained mostly dinosaurs, and the Cenozoic Era contains mostly mammals. Each of these eras ended with a mass extinction of the animals (a mass extinction is when more than 50% of the species died). The Periods are broken up by the time each time a new organism was found (example first deer, first birds, and first human are all from a different period). Epoch are just smaller portions of periods. Since geologic time spans 5 billion years, scientists need a way to be able to analyze past life which is no longer living. They use fossils to be able to do that. Fossils are the remains of organic organisms that used to live on Earth. Fossil formation is another action that follows the Law of Uniformitarianism (they form the same way now as they did in the past). First the organisms needs to die and then be buried in sediments (sand, tar, dirt, etc.) While buried, the skin and other tissue decays. Once there is no more tissue, the minerals from the sediment moves into the bone and replaces the calcium with the mineral (turning the bone into a rock). Majority of the fossils are found due to erosion (when wind or water moved the sediments off of the fossil. What do you learn? 1. What is the biggest period of geologic time? (Epoch, Era, Period) 2. What ends an Era? 3. What beings a Period? 4. What are the steps in fossil formation? 5. How can scientists use fossils to help them create the geologic time scale? *You will want to do this on a different paper*

3 Learning Target 3A: No one was alive when many rocks were formed, but that doesn t mean that scientists have not figured out ways to determine the age of different rocks. One way to determine the age of rocks is by using relative dating. Relative dating a rock is similar to identifying an older brother or younger sister. Relative dating of rocks allows scientists to identify which rock is older than the other based on their positions. There are 2 main laws that help determine which rock is older are below Law Name Law Definition Example Law of Super Position (SP) In a rock layer that contains stacked layers the older rocks are at the bottom, while younger rocks are at the top Law of Cross Cutting Relationships- Intrusion When a rock goes through another rock, the rock that was cut is older than the rock that did the cutting Law of Cross Cutting Relationships- Fault When a fault occurs and the rocks shift, the rock that was shifted is older than the fault that shifted it E is younger than the rest because E shifted all of the layers Individuals are asked to look at rock layers and determine the order which activities occurred in. Below is an example of the organization of ages and which laws are used to help determine them Youngest: J (fault)- CC-F (the fault cuts each layer including intrusion) M (intrusion)- CC-I (the intrusion cuts through each layer) A- SP (layer stacked at top) D- SP X- SP O- SP B- SP (layer stacked at the bottom) Oldest: 1. Using what you know about Relative Dating, determine the youngest rock (or activity) to the oldest rock (or activity) and use the laws to explain how you know Youngest: K Oldest:

4 3A continuing Another way people determine the age of rocks is by identifying the fossils in each rock. An index fossil is a fossil that is found all over the world, has a relatively short life span (only found in a few time periods), and are abundant. Scientists have used different methods of dating to determine which time periods the fossils were created in Rock layer C contains a fossil from Cenozoic Era/Quaternary Period which was 1.6 million years ago (so rock is 1.6 million years old) Rock layer E contains a fossil from Mesozoic Era/Triassic Period which was 240 million years ago (so rock is 240 million years old) 1. Using the index fossil above, determine which era and period each rock layer comes from below. 2. Then use the geologic time scale to determine the age of the rock layers Era, Period and Age of rock layer based on index fossils: A C E

5 3A Continued The last type of dating is absolute dating. Absolute dating is when scientists use the amount of elements in the rock. To do this, scientists use radioactive isotopes. Radioactive Isotopes are different elements that change into other elements in a specific amount of time. This time it takes for elements to break down into other elements is called half life. Specifically half life is the amount of time it takes for half of the element to turn into another element. The half life of Carbon-14 is 5730 years. That means that every 5730 years 50% of the Carbon-14 turns into Nitrogen-14 # halflives Amount of Amount of Age Carbon Nitrogen 0 100% 0% 0 years old 1 50% 50% 5730 years old 2 25% 75% 11,460 years old % 87.5% 17,190 years old The half-life of Samarium-147 is 106 million years and it turns into Neodymium-143. Determine the age of the following rocks: 100% Samarium-147/0% Neodymium-143: o half lives = o years old (it s a baby rock!) 12.5% Samarium-147/87.5% Neodymium-143: 3 half lives= 318 million years old (106 * 3 half lives) 1. The half life of Potassium-40 is 1.25 billion years and it turns into Argon-40. Determine the age of the following rocks: 50% Potassium-40/50% Argon-40: half lives = years old 25% Potassium-40/75% Argon-40: half lives = years old

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