Figure 1. Sediment balance of the 1500 km-long muddy coast of South America
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1 a b c Figure 1. Sediment balance of the 1500 km-long muddy coast of South America between the Amazon and the Orinoco rivers. a, map of the Amazon-Orinoco sediment system. The black box delimits the area used to compute the Mean Sea Level Anomalies from the /las/servlets/dataset merged product. The white bar delimits the mud bank system in French Guiana. The black bars and the white bar all together delimit the mud bank system of the Guyanas. b, delivery paths and sediment loads (in 10 6 T y -1 ) from the Amazon to the Guyanas 1. About 10-15% of the Amazon solid river flux contributes to the sediment budget of the Guyanas shelf and coast. c, Amazon sediment discharge at Obidos 2. The sediment discharge, averaged over four years before and after 2000, shows an increase of approximately of 18%, from 2.06 to 2.44 Tons per day. The contribution of the Amazon sediment discharge to the mud bank system being of the order of 10-15% 3, the increase observed would have added about Tons of sediment per year to the mud bank system. 1. Allison, M. A., Nittrouer, C. A. & Kineke, G. C. Seasonal sediment storage on mudflats adjacent to the Amazon River. Marine Geology 125, (1995). 2. Guyot, J. L., Filizola N., Laraque A (IAHS, Iguacu, 2005).
2 3. Meade, R. H., Dunne, T., Richey, J. E., Santos, U. M. & Salati, E. Storage and remobilisation of suspended sediment in the lower Amazon River of Brazil. Science 228, (1985).
3 Figure 2. Intercomparison of different interpolation techniques used to estimate the relative shoreline position when averaged over the 220 km long area of survey in French Guiana.
4 Figure 3. Quantitative shoreline erosion/accretion fluctuations over time, converted into sediment volumes. Black line represents estimate from the quantitative erosion/accretion of mangrove surfaces following the method proposed by 1 and adapted by 2. The method is based on a linear adjustment of the mangrove-colonized area to erosion/accretion processes, these latter being considered as active in the range -3m to +1m above the shoreline fringe. As in the work of 2, we consider a mean bulk density of 1.85 T m -3. The beginning of colonization (black line above zero) occurs in 2000 and is still under progress. Grey line and bold grey line are estimates of the annual input of sediment to the mud bank system, taking into considering the sediment balance presented in Sup Info, Fig. 1 b with the sediment input fluctuations observed at Obidos 3 (Sup Info Figure 1c). This estimate assumes an instantaneous transit of sediment. When smoothed for seasonal fluctuations (grey bold line), the sediment supplied to the mud bank system has been negative since 2004, and is thus not sufficient to explain the phase of progradation observed along the Guyanas coast since 2000 (Fig. 3, black line). 1. Eisma, D., Augustinus, P. & Alexander, C. Recent and Subrecent Changes in the Dispersal of Amazon Mud. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 28, (1991).
5 2. Allison, M. A. & Lee, M. T. Sediment exchange between Amazon mudbanks and shore-fringing mangroves in French Guiana. Marine Geology 208, (2004). 3. Guyot, J. L., Filizola N., Laraque A (IAHS, Iguacu, 2005).
6 scene region satellite date scene region satellite date 1 Kourou SPOT 20 Oct Sinnamary SPOT 02 Sept 97 2 Kourou SPOT 17 Nov Sinnamary Landsat 21 Nov 99 3 Kourou SPOT 02 Oct Sinnamary SPOT 08 Feb 00 4 Kourou SPOT 30 Aug Sinnamary SPOT 23 Nov 01 5 Kourou SPOT 16 Oct Sinnamary SPOT 14 Dec 01 6 Kourou SPOT 26 Oct Sinnamary SPOT 26 July 02 7 Kourou SPOT 28 Sept Sinnamary SPOT 01 Oct 02 8 Kourou SPOT 02 Sept Sinnamary SPOT 07 Oct 02 9 Kourou SPOT 20 June Mana Landsat 23 July Kourou SPOT 06 Sept Mana SPOT 17 June Kourou SPOT 09 May Mana Landsat 22 Sept Kourou SPOT 07 Feb Mana Landsat 03 Aug Kourou SPOT 02 July Mana SPOT 10 Aug Kourou SPOT 14 Oct Mana Landsat 21 Nov Kourou SPOT 14 Dec Mana SPOT 28 July Kourou SPOT 05 Aug Mana SPOT 23 Sept Kourou Landsat 19 Sept Mana SPOT 26 July Kourou SPOT 13 Aug Mana SPOT 26 Aug Kourou SPOT 29 Aug Kaw Landsat 18 July Kourou SPOT 30 Aug Kaw SPOT 17 Nov Kourou SPOT 08 Sept Kaw SPOT 20 June Kourou SPOT 15 Sept Kaw SPOT 15 Aug Kourou SPOT 19 Sept Kaw SPOT 05 Dec Sinnamary SPOT 20 Aug Kaw SPOT 14 Dec Sinnamary Landsat 23 July Kaw SPOT 05 Aug Sinnamary SPOT 27 Oct Kaw SPOT 13 Aug Sinnamary SPOT 06 Sept All Guianas mosaicasar Sinnamary SPOT 17 June All guianas mosaicjers Sinnamary Landsat 22 Sept Surinam Landsat 21 Nov Sinnamary SPOT 28 Oct Surinam Landsat 09 Sept Sinnamary SPOT 03 Aug Surinam Landsat 03 Nov Sinnamary SPOT 28 Sept Guyana Landsat 15 Aug Sinnamary Landsat 03 Aug Guyana Landsat 07 Sept 00 Table 1. The remote sensing database used to analyze shoreline evolution.
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GAMINGRE 8/1/ of 7
FYE 09/30/92 JULY 92 0.00 254,550.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 254,550.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 254,550.00 AUG 10,616,710.31 5,299.95 845,656.83 84,565.68 61,084.86 23,480.82 339,734.73 135,893.89 67,946.95
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