Stream Discharge and the Water Budget
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1 Regents Earth Science Unit 6: Water Cycle & Climate Name: Lab # Stream Discharge and the Water Budget Introduction: The United States Geological Survey (USGS) measures and publishes values for the daily discharge of many streams throughout the United States. The discharge rate of a stream is used to determine the amount of runoff from an area. Stream runoff is related to the water budget of an area which, in turn, is related to climate. Objective: In this activity you will graph discharge data for Buffalo Creek in Gardenville (West Seneca), New York. You will then match this graph of stream runoff with the average monthly temperature and precipitation graph for our area. Vocabulary: Stream Discharge: Drainage Basin: Storm Sewer: Water Shed: Procedure: 1. For the stream discharge chart given, calculate the average monthly discharge flow rate by dividing the total monthly flow by 10 years ( ). Round all answers to the nearest 0.1 (tenth). 2. Graph the information on the graph paper provided. Make a tall graph with the X-axis labeled month and the Y axis labeled Stream Flow (cubic feet per second or cfs). Title the graph. E:\Documents\Earth Science\Water Cycle\Stream Discharge and Water Budget.doc 1
2 Discussion Questions: Using your graph and the information provided on climograph for West Seneca, answer the following questions. 1. What happens to stream discharge as precipitation increases? 2. According to your graph, what is the maximum stream discharge for Buffalo Creek at West Seneca and in what month does it occur? 3. If your stream discharge graph results in a rural area, predict how the graph might change if the discharge rate were in an urban area like Buffalo. 4. What could be the source of the water that keeps streams flowing even during long periods with no precipitation? 5. How can periods of high and low stream discharge be matched to precipitation and temperature information for an area? 6. Which event will most likely occur during a heavy rainfall? (1) Less sediment will be carried by the streams. (2) An increase in sea level will cause more sediments to be deposited along the shoreline. (3) The shoreline will experience a greater range in tides. (4) The discharge from the streams into the lagoon will increase. 7. What is the largest sediment that can be transported by a stream that has a velocity of 125 cm/sec? (1) cobbles (2) pebbles (3) sand (4) clay E:\Documents\Earth Science\Water Cycle\Stream Discharge and Water Budget.doc 2
3 8. Which graph best represents the relationship between the discharge of a stream and the velocity of stream flow? Base your answers to questions 9 and 10 on the two graphs below, which show the relationship between the amount of rainfall during a storm and the amount of discharge into a nearby stream. Letter A represents the time when approximately 50% of the precipitation from the storm has fallen. Letter B represents the time when peak runoff from the storm is flowing into the stream. The delay is the difference in time between letters A and B on the graph. Graph I shows data before urbanization in an area. Graph II shows data after urbanization in the same area. 9. The delay time between points A and B on both graphs is due mainly to the time needed for (1) groundwater to evaporate (2) precipitation water to move into the streams (3) green plants to absorb precipitation (4) rainfall rate to decrease 10. How did urbanization affect delay time between points A and B and the maximum stream discharge? (1) The delay time decreased, and the maximum discharge decreased. (2) The delay time decreased, and the maximum discharge increased. (3) The delay time increased, and the maximum discharge decreased. (4) The delay time increased, and the maximum discharge increased. E:\Documents\Earth Science\Water Cycle\Stream Discharge and Water Budget.doc 3
4 Base your answers to questions 11 through 13 on the data table below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The data table shows the average monthly discharge, in cubic feet per second, for a stream in New York State. 11. On the grid below, plot with an X the average stream discharge for each month shown in the data table. Connect the Xs with a line. 12. State the relationship between this stream s discharge and the amount of suspended sediment that can be carried by this stream. 13. Explain one possible reason why this stream s discharge in April is usually greater than this stream s discharge in January. E:\Documents\Earth Science\Water Cycle\Stream Discharge and Water Budget.doc 4
5 USGS BUFFALO CREEK AT GARDENVILLE NY Erie County, New York Hydrologic Unit Code Latitude 42 51'17", Longitude 78 45'19" NAD27 Drainage area 142 square miles Contributing drainage area 142 square miles Gage datum feet above sea level NGVD29 YEAR Monthly mean in cfs Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Average monthly Discharge E:\Documents\Earth Science\Water Cycle\Stream Discharge and Water Budget.doc 5
6 Climograph for West Seneca New York Average Temperature (of) Avg. Precipitation (inches) Jan Feb March April May June July August Sept Oct Nov Dec 0 Buffalo, NY (14214) Weather Facts The average warmest month is July. The highest recorded temperature was 99 F in On average, the coolest month is January. The lowest recorded temperature was -20 F in The maximum average precipitation occurs in November. E:\Documents\Earth Science\Water Cycle\Stream Discharge and Water Budget.doc 6
7 E:\Documents\Earth Science\Water Cycle\Stream Discharge and Water Budget.doc 7
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