Time-series observations in the Northern Indian Ocean V.V.S.S. Sarma National Institute of Oceanography Visakhapatnam, India
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1 The Second GEOSS Asia-Pacific Symposium, Tokyo, th April 28 Time-series observations in the Northern Indian Ocean V.V.S.S. Sarma National Institute of Oceanography Visakhapatnam, India
2 Seasonal variations in winds, currents and ITCZ in NIO
3 Importance of N. Indian Ocean Primary production Sea-to-air flux of CO2 Sinking organic carbon Oxygen at 5 m deep mmol C/m2/d micromol/kg
4 NCP and sea-to-air fluxes of CO 2 Region Sea-to-air flux (F) New/NCP(NP) F/NP Ratio Eq.Pacific (HNLC).8 to to (198-2) (Feely et al., 22) (LeBorgne et al., 22) Arabian Sea.7 to.9.17 to (1995) (Sarma., 23) (Sarma, 24) Bay of Bengal.25 to (Takahashi et al., 22) (Sarma, 26) (PgC y -1 )
5 Deep water DIC in the World Oceans Source: WOCE data on sigma-3: (~3m) (µmol kg -1 ) Sarma et al. 27
6 Change in conditions from SeaWiFS to CZCS era Gregg et al., Primary Production N Eq Indian Indian Eq Atlantic.8.6 SST N Atlantic PgC y S Indian S Pacific S Atlantic Eq Pacific N.Cen N.Cen PacificAtlantic N Pacific N Atlantic degree C.4.2 S S Atlantic Pacific S Indian N Indian Eq Indian N Pacific Eq N.Cen Atlantic Atlantic N.Cen Pacific Antarctic Antarctic Eq Pacific Fe deposition Eq Atlantic 2 Scalar wind stress Antarctic S Atlantic Percent change Antarctic S Indian S Pacific S Atlantic Eq N Pacific Indian Eq Indian N.Cen Pacific N.Cen Atlantic N Pacific N Atlantic Percent change 1-1 S Indian S Pacific N Eq IndianPacific N.Cen Pacific Eq Eq Indian Atlantic N N.Cen Pacific N Atlantic Atlantic
7 Physical forcing..upwelling in the Arabian Sea
8 Particle ballast in the Bay of Bengal Nutrients + Mineral ballast Bottom flow Fresh water Biological production + Particle aggregation Lateral Input Scavenging
9 Phytoplankton Blooms in the Bay of Bengal Vinayachandran et al 23
10 Tracks of cyclones and depressions in the Bay of Bengal Source :
11 Time-series observations in the northwestern Indian Ocean
12 Ongoing time-series projects in the west coast of India (eastern Arabian Sea) Impact of anthropogenic perturbations on oceanographic atmospheric processes in and around India in the context of Global Change (CSIR Network Project No. CMM 9) Since 22 Sampling at Monthly Scale
13 Evolution.. anoxia & H 2 S.. 1 (b) Salinity 1 (a) Temp (ºC) (c) Oxygen (µm) 1 (d) Nitrate (µm) Days
14 Days Evolution.. anoxia & H 2 S.. Depth (m) 1 2 (i) Chlorophyll a mg m
15 Evolution anoxia & H 2 S.. 1 (e) Nitrite (µm) 1 (f) Nitrous Oxide (nm) (g) Ammonia (µm) 1 (h) Hydrogen sulphide (µm) Days 14
16 Time-series observations in the northeastern Indian Ocean SOLAS BOBFLUX
17 Ongoing time-series projects in the east coast of India (western Bay of Bengal) Biogeochemical Response of coastal waters off Visakhapatnam To extreme climatic events and human interference Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) since 26 Sampling at Monthly Scale Bay of Bengal Carbon Flux Study (BOBFLUX) Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Since 28 Sampling at diurnal to seasonal Scale Variability of Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry in Godavari Estuarine System (VEBGES) Supra Institutional Project (SIP) Of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) since 27. Sampling at daily Scale Coastal Ocean Monitoring and Prediction system (COMPAS)- Ministry of Earth Science since 28 Sampling at seasonal Scale
18 Impact of rainfall on biogeochemical processes Distance (km)
19 Impact of Rainfall on Chlorophyll distribution in the coastal Bay of Bengal Sep Sep Oct Oct Oct Oct 27 Source: Weekly average chlorophyll-a by SeaWiFS from NASA
20 Influence of episodic atmospheric events on SST & chl-a NE NW NE NW NW NE 8 Nov 7 1 Nov 7 14 Nov 7 15 Nov 7 16 Nov 7 18 Nov 7 Chl-a SST Winds 9 Nov 7 11 Nov 7 14 Nov 7 16 Nov 7 23 Nov 7 26 Nov 7
21 Phytoplankton production versus Bacterial Biomass Net community Production (mmol O 2 /m2/d) October 27 Station Oct 27 Nov 27 Dec 27 Jan 28 Feb 28 November 27 V V V December 27 V January 28 February 28 Distance (km)
22 Formation of sub-oxic conditions in the Shelf waters Chlorophyll-a Dissolved O2 Nitrate Silicate Distance (km) February 28 January 28 December 27 November 27 October 27
23 Variability of Ecosystem and Biogeochemistry in Godavari Estuarine System (VEBGES)
24 6 Time-series variations in Godavari Estuary River discharge (Cusecs/sec) Suspended matter (g/l) Nutrients (µmol/kg) Salinity Silicate (µmol/kg) Julien Days (Sep 7-Feb 8)
25 Julien Days (Sep 7-Feb 8) 6 4 Time-series variations in Godavari Estuary River discharge (Cusecs/sec) Bulk chlorophyll >2 & <1 µm chlorophyll >1 µm chlorophyll >.2 & <2 µm chlorophyll
26 Rates of changes in salinity and nutrients in Godavari Estuary Parameter Rate of change per day Salinity +.2 psu Dissolved O2 +.2 µmol/kg Nitrate -.1 µmol/kg Phosphate -.1 µmol/kg Silicate -.4 µmol/kg
27 Time-series variations in plankton metabolic rates in Godavari estuary mmol O mmol O 2 m -2 d -1 2 m -2 d Net Comm. Prod. Dark Comm. Resp. Heterotrophy Autotrophy 2 fold increase in Production ~65% of the GPP is respired mmol O 2 m -2 d Gross Pri. Prod Julien day
28 Future plans:both coastal & estuary time-series stations Time-series measurements of triple oxygen isotopes and O 2 /Ar ratios in the surface ocean Time-series measurements of inorganic carbon parameters Measurements of δ 13 C, δ 15 N of dissolved and particulate (both organic & Inorganic) Processing HPLC and DOC samples and isotopic ratios of δ 13 C of DOC Phytoplankton growth and grazing rates (once in a week!!) Nutrients utilization rates (once in a week!!) Bacterial respiration rates (Unisense sensor) Consumption and exchanges rates of carbon at the Benthic boundary Water exchange rates using Radon isotopes.
29 Bay of Bengal Carbon Flux Study (BOBFLUX) BOBFLUX
30 Objectives of Bay of Bengal Carbon Flux Study (BOBFLUX) 1. What is the short-term to inter-annual variability in plankton metabolic rates such as gross and net community production, and community respiration? 2. How river inputs influence the plankton metabolic rates? 3.What is the influence of cyclones on nutrient injections, primary production and air-sea exchange of trace gases? 4. What is the seasonal to inter-annual variability in export production? 5. What is the relationship between primary and export production? 6. What is the influence of river runoff on bacterial growth rates and respiration? 7. What are the seasonal variations in transfer velocities of trace gases? 8. What are the temporal and spatial variations in the air-sea exchange of trace gases?
31 Schematic of mooring in the Bay of Bengal Meteorological Buoy BOBFLUX Optode/current meter (2 m) Remote Access Sampler (3 m) Sediment trap (15 m) Weekly sampling Optode/current meter (5 m) Floating sediment Traps sampling Once in 3 months Sediment trap (17 m) Weekly sampling ADCP (18 m) Bottom (2 m)
32 Time-series transect observations BOBFLUX Sampling : Bi-monthly Starts from September o water column sampling for biogeochemical parameters nutrients, chl-a, HPLC, DIC, TA, ph, DOC, SSM, O2 isotopes, O2/Ar, Plankton composition etc. Underway pco2 system, SST,SSS, Chl-a, & dissolved O2 Underway plankton metabolic rates by triple oxygen isotopes & O2/Ar Isotopic ratios of δ 13 C-DIC, DOC of dissolved δ 13 C & δ 15 N of particulate matter
33
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