GEOCHEMICAL TRACERS OF ARCTIC OCEAN CIRCULATION
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1 GEOCHEMICAL TRACERS OF ARCTIC OCEAN CIRCULATION Earth Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
2 Fresh Water Cycle Maintains Stratification of Upper Arctic Ocean Stably stratified surface layer -- ice formation -- plankton growth Formation of cold halocline layer Export of positive buoyancy flux to North Atlantic
3 Arctic Ocean Freshwater Budget Reference Salinity = 34.4 Goldner (1999), JGR, 104, 29,757-29,770. FLUX Q (Sv) Salinity (PSS) Effective Freshwater Flux (km 3 yr -1 ) River runoff Bering Strait inflow Net Precipitation (P-E) Arctic Archipelago outflow Barents Sea inflow Fram Strait Outflow Ice EGC Polar Water EGC Atlantic Water EGC Deep Water Subtotal Fram Strait Inflow WSC Atlantic Water WSC Deep Water Subtotal NET ESD/ LBNL
4 Arctic Ocean Freshwater Budget Reference Salinity = 34.4 Goldner (1999), JGR, 104, 29,757-29,770. FLUX Q (Sv) Salinity (PSS) Effective Freshwater Flux (km 3 yr -1 ) River runoff Bering Strait inflow Net Precipitation (P-E) Arctic Archipelago outflow Barents Sea inflow Fram Strait Outflow Ice EGC Polar Water EGC Atlantic Water EGC Deep Water Subtotal Fram Strait Inflow WSC Atlantic Water WSC Deep Water Subtotal NET
5 Discharge of Major Arctic Rivers (km 3 yr -1 ) Total Arctic Runoff: 3400 km 3 yr -1 [10% of global total]
6 Arctic Ocean Freshwater Budget Reference Salinity = 34.4 Goldner (1999), JGR, 104, 29,757-29,770. FLUX Q (Sv) Salinity (PSS) Effective Freshwater Flux (km 3 yr -1 ) River runoff Bering Strait inflow Net Precipitation (P-E) Arctic Archipelago outflow Barents Sea inflow Fram Strait Outflow Ice EGC Polar Water EGC Atlantic Water EGC Deep Water Subtotal Fram Strait Inflow WSC Atlantic Water WSC Deep Water Subtotal NET
7 T and S alone are not sufficient tracers of freshwater in upper Arctic Ocean Two major freshwater sources: Runoff and Ice-melt Temperature is non-conservative -- heat gain/loss in open water areas -- seasonal temperature variability of river runoff
8 T and S alone are not sufficient tracers of freshwater in upper Arctic Ocean Two major freshwater sources: Runoff and Ice-melt Temperature is non-conservative -- heat gain/loss in open water areas -- seasonal temperature variability of river runoff Additional conservative tracer: Oxygen isotopes δ 18 O ( ) = ( 18 O/ 16 O) sample -( 18 O/ 16 O) SMOW x 1000 ( 18 O/ 16 O) SMOW
9 Salinity-δ 18 O Mass Balance for the Beaufort Sea [Macdonald et al. (2002), DSR I, 49, ]
10 1997 Shelf-Basin Transect to Initial SHEBA Site Macdonald et al. (2002) DSR I, 49,
11 Dissolved Barium in Major Arctic Rivers Guay and Falkner (1998) Cont Shelf Res, 18, End-Member Concentrations (nmol Ba L -1 ) Mackenzie River Eurasian Rivers Atlantic Inflow Pacific Inflow
12 1993 Surface Mixed Layer Composite from six cruises Guay and Falkner (1997) DSR II, 44(8),
13 1997 Shelf-Basin Transect to Initial SHEBA Site Macdonald et al. (1999) GRL, 26(15),
14 Using Nutrients to Differentiate Atlantic/Pacific Waters Jones et al. (1998), GRL, 26(6),
15 Water Mass Composition Derived From Multiple Tracers (S, δ 18 O, Ba, nutrients) 1998 ARKTIS-XIV/2 Taylor et al., JGR (in press).
16 AOMIP April Mean Sea Surface Salinity Steele et al. (2001) GRL, 28,
17 Response to Shift in Atmospheric Forcing Steele and Boyd (1998), JGR, 103, 10, Figure: I. Rigor (UW/IABP) Negative AO Index Positive AO Index Weak polar vortex/high SLP Anti-cyclonic ocean circulation Eurasian runoff enters at Lomonosov Ridge Cold halocline formation in Eurasian Basin Strong polar vortex/low SLP Cyclonic ocean circulation Eurasian runoff enters at Mendeleyev Ridge Cold halocline retreat from Eurasian Basin
18 Scientific Questions Freshwater cycle river runoff halocline formation ice formation/melting Arctic Ocean inflows/outflows export through Canadian Archipelago Long-term trends (relation to global climate change?) changes in circulation regime changes in terrestrial environment/signals changes in biota/ecosystem changes in carbon cycling
19 Required Geochemical Measurements 1. Circulation tracers -- nutrients (N, P, Si, O 2 ) -- stable isotopes (d18o, d13c, d15n, etc.) -- trace metals (Ba, etc.) -- radioisotopes ( 137 Cs, 128 I) -- DOC, biomarkers -- inorganic C: alkalinity, ΣCO 2, DIC 2. Water mass age tracers -- He-tritium, CFCs 3. Particulate flux tracers -- U, Th, POC, PON
20 Critical Areas Shelf Break shelf-basin exchanges river water pathways
21 Critical Areas Inflows/Outflows communication with global ocean export to North Atlantic areas of deep water formation export through Canadian Archipelago
22 Critical Areas Atlantic/Pacific Front boundary between Atlantic/Pacific, Eurasian/North American water mass assemblages Transpolar Drift area north of Greenland and Archipleago
23 Critical Areas Beaufort Gyre expands/contracts with changes in circulation regime storage/release of freshwater
24 FUTURE DATA SETS NEEDED Long-term time series High-resolution (temporal and spatial) observations Need for autonomous, in situ sensors -- optical -- chemical (MEMS/nanotechnology)
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