2006 AGU Ocean Science Meeting in Hawaii
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1 26 AGU Ocean Science Meeting in Hawaii Session: Sinking Particle in the Twilight Zone OS23H- Mutsu Institute for Oceanography Linkage between seasonal variability of nutrients in the epipelagic layer and that of biogenic particle fluxes in the mesopelagic and bathypelagic layers Makio C. HONDA, Hajime KAWAKAMI, Shuichi WATANABE Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) Mutsu Institute for Oceanography (MIO) Time-series observation for biological pump with mooring system Sediment trap experiment in the twilight zone Automatic observation of Nutrients and Optical condition in the euphotic zone
2 (Takahashi et al.dsr 9, 9-, 9-622, 622, 22)
3 Net Community Productivity (New Production) (mgc/m2/day) (37) QuickTimeý Dz ÉtÉHÉg - JPEG êlí ÉvÉçÉOÉâÉÄ Ç Ç±ÇÃÉsÉNÉ`ÉÉǾå ÇÈÇ ÇÕïKóvÇ-ÇÅB () (Louanchi and Najjia, 2)
4 QuickTimeý Dz 9 Opal flux (m) Northwestern North Pacific ÉtÉHÉg - JPEG êlí ÉvÉçÉOÉâÉÄ Ç Ç±ÇÃÉsÉNÉ`ÉÉǾå ÇÈÇ ÇÕïKóvÇ-ÇÅB 3 Lat Opal FL-3 Lith FL-3 OM FL-3 CaCO3 FL-3 K Long. Flux (mg m -2 day- ) mg/m2/day 2 Nov Experimental days Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar Calender days Jun 9 296
5 QuickTimeý Dz ÉtÉHÉg - JPEG êlí ÉvÉçÉOÉâÉÄ Ç Ç±ÇÃÉsÉNÉ`ÉÉǾå ÇÈÇ ÇÕïKóvÇ-ÇÅB
6 However Based on synthesis of world sediment trap experiments as U.S.JGOFS synthesis CaCO 3 is more effective ballast for POC export. CaCO 3 : 2.7 g cm -3 Quartz: 2.65 Opal: 2.8 The vertical change in POC flux is larger in the productive oceans where diatom is predominant. (Berelson,, 2; Treguer and Anderson, 22; Francois et al., 22; Armstrong et al., 22; Klaas and Archer, 22) Exponent, b POC (z) = POC () * (Z/) -b b = * POC (r =.799) NABE EQPAC AS SO POC Export at m (mmolc m -2 day - ) (modified Fig.6 in Berelson, 2)
7 What controls Export flux and ratio? Mechanism of Vertical change in organic carbon flux in the twilight zone Change in biological pump and its feedback to climate system (key words) PP, species, grazing pressure, ballast microbial loop, migration, DOC
8 ~ 3m Epipelagic layer (Euphotic layer) ~ 35m ~ 5m Mesopelagic layer (Twilight zone) ~ 55m RAS Preservative: HgCl 2 5ml X 8 BLOOMS, 3, 9, 555 nm Anti-biofouling: cupper shutter 9: - 7: (UTC) on time ~ m Bathypelagic layer (Deep layer) ~ 8m ST 2 cups (5m) 3 cups (55,, 8m) Preservative: formalin ~ 52m
9 Mar 25 Jun 25 K2 Apr 25 Sep 25 K2 K2 Jul 25 K2 K2 Station K2 Deployment: 7 Mar. Recovery: 22 Sep. Aug K2 K2 SeaWiFS Chl-a monthly composite from Mar. to Sep. 25 (courtesy of Dr. Sasaoka of JAMSTEC)
10 26 In situ nutrients variability VERTIGO NO 3 (µmol kg - ) NO3 Si(OH) 35m Si(OH) (µmol kg - ) 5 5 Mar Jun Jun 26 Jul Jul 2 Aug 7 Aug 2 Sep Sep 8 25 N flux (mg m -2 day - ) 3 2 N flux 5m Opal flux Opal flux (mg m -2 day - )
11 5 5 before 28 June after Si(OH) / NOx Si(OH) (µmol kg - ) y = x R 2 =.6 y = x R 2 = NOx (µmol kg - ) (5m Trap) Si flux / N flux (mole) before June 26: ~ 6 Si flux / N flux (mole) after June 26 : ~ 25
12 Seasonal variability in optical condition VERTIGO Surface PAR (E m -2 day - ) Quantum yield (mol quanta m-2 day-) QY 555/3 555 / 3 ratio 8 Mar Jun Jun 26 Jul Jul 2 Aug 7 Aug 2 Sep Sep 8 Org-C flux (mg m -2 day - ) 2 5m (surface PAR and chl-a data were supplied by Dr. Sasaoka of JAMSTEC)
13 TMF(mg m -2 day - ) Total Mass Flux (< mm) Ave.: 96 mg m -2 day - Apparent Trapping efficiency: 2 % 5 9 VERTIGO 2 TMF(mg m -2 day - ) Ave.: 2 mg m -2 day - Apparent Trapping efficiency: % 55 No data 5 9 TMF(mg m -2 day - ) Ave.: 36 mg m -2 day - Apparent Trapping efficiency: 7 % TMF(mg m -2 day - ) Ave.: 5 mg m -2 day - Apparent Trapping efficiency: 68 % 8 Mar Mar Jun. Jun Sep.
14 Swimmer or Carbon flux? 5m Total <mm mesozooplankton height (mm) 8 2 Mar Jun. 7 Sep. Eucalanus bungii Sagitta elegans
15 CaCO 3 flux and Opal flux VERTIGO - ) ) 25-2 day (mg m ) day (mg m 8 2 A lot of foraminifera! No data 2 6 day (mg m ) day Opal(8) CaCO3(8) (mg m 5 5 Mar Mar Jun. Jun Sep.
16 OCF(mg m -2 day - ) Ave.: 3 mg m -2 day - (65) Organic carbon flux 5 VERTIGO OCF(mg m -2 day - ) Ave.: mg m -2 day - (73) 55 No data 3 3 OCF(mg m -2 day - ) Ave.: mg m -2 day - (6) OCF(mg m -2 day - ) Ave.: 5 mg m -2 day - (7) 8 Mar Mar Jun. Jun Sep.
17 Mar. 2 3 Chemical composition VERTIGO m 8 m Opal(5) OM(5) LM(5) CaCO3(5) Mar. Jun. Jun Sep. chemical composition (%) chemical composition (%) No data m m chemical composition (%) chemical composition (%)
18 (mg m -2 day - ) Settling velocity (mg m -2 day - ) No data (5m - 55 m) > 5 m day - (55m - m) > 3 m day - (mg m -2 day - ) (m - 8m) > 9 m day - (mg m -2 day - ) Opal(8) CaCO3(8) 5 Mar Mar Jun. Jun Sep.
19 VERTIGO POC / PIC POC/PIC Mar Jun Jun 26 Jul Jul 2 Aug 7 Aug 2 Sep Sep 8
20 What controls organic carbon flux? 25 y = x R 2 = Opal / CaCO 3 / LM relative flux y = x R 2 =.266 y = x R 2 =.6938 LM Opal CaCO Organic carbon
21 Vertical change in organic carbon flux Water depth (m) 2 3 Strong decomposition Martin curve POC (Z) =POC () * (Z/) -.85 This Study POC (Z) = 6* (Z/) Organic carbon flux (mg m -2 day - )
22 Summary () Materials fixed in the euphotic layer were quickly transported vertically as particles. (2) Organic carbon flux decreased with depth in accordance with Martin curve. (3) Settling velocity increased with depth. () Biological activity during and July worked more efficiently for the uptake of atmospheric CO 2. (5) Opal was the most important as a ballast of particulate organic carbon. Acknowledgement Sus Honjo (WHOI) and colleagues from WHOI Tommy Dickey (UCSB) and his coworkers
23 26 R/V MIRAI Cruise (27-2 July) at station K2 Recovery of Mooring system Deployment of Mooring system (2 months) Repeat observation (5-6 times) 8 Org-C flux (mg m -2 day - ) 2 5m 25 Mar Jun Jun 26 Jul Jul 2 Aug 7 Aug 2 Sep Sep 8
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