Marine Ecology I: Phytoplankton and Primary production
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1 Marine Ecology I: Phytoplankton and Primary production Osvaldo Ulloa University of Concepcion, Chile From SOLAS Science Plan Phytoplankton, biogeochemistry and climate I Uptake (through photosynthesis) of CO 2 Calcification Ca +2 + CO 2-3 CaCO 3 Can affect the infrared radiative properties of the atmosphere Phytoplankton, biogeochemistry and climate II Production of dimethyl sulphide (DMS) Source of cloud condensation nuclei, which change the reflectance (albedo) of clouds Can affect the shortwave radiative properties of the atmosphere
2 Phytoplankton, biogeochemistry and climate III Biological (organic) pump Modulation of the absorption of shorwave (visible) radiation in the surface ocean Can affect absorption and the transport of heat in the ocean Phytoplankton CO 2 + H 2 O + Nutrients + Light Organic matter + O 2 Diatoms Dinoflagellates - Eukaryotes - Major primary producers - Commonly form chains or colonies - Have external skeletons made of silica - Can sink fast Eukaryotes Usually exist as single cells Have two flagella i.e., they can swim weakly Alkenones are used for reconstruction of paleo-temperatures Red tide producers
3 Coccolithophorids Eukaryotes Have two flagella but only at certain life stages Spherical organisms covered with plates of calcium carbonate Blooms increase water albedo Fossils are used to make chalk Ca +2 + CO 3 2- CaCO 3 Phytoflagellates Eukaryotes Single cells or can form large (up to 1 cm) hollow, gelatinous colonies Producers of DMS Decaying remains can cause foam on the sea shore Cyanobacteria I Trichodesmium Exist as single filaments, trichomes ( s of cells), or colonies (visible to the naked eye; 1-10 mm in length) Nitrogen fixers (i. e., contribute to new production) Have gas vacuoles Tropical and subtropical distribution Cyanobacteria II Marine Synechococcus Small unicellular prokaryotes (ca. 1 µm) Contain phycobilisomes Orange-yellow fluorescence under blue light Some motile strains Global distribution, throughout euphotic zone Up to cells ml -1
4 Cyanobacteria III Flow cytometry Prochlorococcus Small unicellular prokaryotes Size: 0.5 a 0.7 µm in diameter Main photosynthetic pigments are divinyl chlorophyll a (Chl a 2 ) and divinyl chlorophyll b (Chl b 2 ) Most abundant phytoplankton (40 N-40 S) Genomic size ca. 2 Mbp. Smallest of all known oxyphotobacteria Discovered in the 80 s (Chisholm et al., Nature 344: 340, 1988). Figure by Glen Tarran Photosynthetic Genetic library of 18S rrna genes PICOEUKARYOTES (< 2-3 m) Ubiquous and significant members of the plankton Phylogentically very diverse New clades very different from known organisms Phototrophic: cells ml -1 Heterotrophic: cells ml -1 Sample from Equatorial Pacific (depth of 75 m) Moon-van der Staay et al., Nature 409: 607, 2001 Chlorophyll-a: an index of phytoplankton biomass, B Main photosynthetic pigment Present in all -and only in- phytoplankton Dimensions: M L -3 Units: mg m -3 ( µg L -1 ) Methods: Colorimetric Fluorometric (in vivo, on extracts) High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Remote sensing
5 Phytoplankton absorption spectrum mg Chl-a m -3 b Primary production, P Light * CO 2 + H 2 O Organic* matter + O 2 Rate of photosynthesis (carbon fixation) per unit volume per unit time Dimensions: M L -3 T -1 Units: mg C m -3 h -1 Daily water-column primary production: P T,Z = P(z,t) dz dt
6 Which are the factors controlling primary production? External Light Nutrients (macro & micro) Grazing Temperature... Internal Pigments Nutrient pool Enzyme concentration Cell size... Most of the variability in the photosynthetic rate of phytoplankton can be attributed to variations in light After light, most of the variability in primary production measurements can be explained in terms of variability in biomass One useful approach a) To establish a quantitative description of the relationship between biomass-normalised primary production and light b) To study the effect of other variables (e.g., nutrients, T, cell size, etc.) on the photosynthetic parameters P(I) = P B (I) * B P B = Biomass-normalised primary production I = Irradiance (Photosynthetically Active Radiation nm) B = Biomass Photosynthesis-light curve Photosynthetic parameters P B = Assimilation number m Information about the dark reaction of photosynthesis i. e., enzymatic reactions B = Initial slope B = a* a* = Specific absorption coefficient = Quantum yield (mol C / mol quanta) P B = ƒ (I; B, P B ) + R B m Related to the efficiency of photosynthesis. Information about the photochemical reaction
7 Wavelength dependence of photosynthesis at low light intensities Wavelength composition of light changes with depth
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