What we know from VERTIGO VERtical Transport In the Global Ocean
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1 What we know from VERTIGO VERtical Transport In the Global Ocean What controls the efficiency of particle transport between the surface and deep ocean? Geochemistry (particle characteristics), Biology (euphotic zone and mesopelagic bacteria/plankton) Physics (particle source region) CruisesJan. & June 24- Hawaii station ALOHA with RV Kilo Moana July/Aug. 25- Station K2 47N 16E with RV Revelle VERTIGO project web site
2 VERTIGO PI s & Institutions Ken Buesseler, Woods Hole Oceanographic Jim Bishop, Lawrence Berkeley National Phil Boyd, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Res., NZ Karen Casciotti, Woods Hole Oceanographic Frank Dehairs, University of Brussels, Belgium Carl Lamborg, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Sei-ichi Saito, Hokkaido Univ. Japan Dave Siegel, University of California, Santa Barbara Mary Silver, University of California, Santa Cruz Debbie Steinberg, Virginia Institute of Marine Tom Trull, University of Tasmania, Australia Jim Valdes, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Ben Van Mooy, Woods Hole Oceanographic Collaborators Bob Bidigare, University of Hawaii M. Sarin, Physical Research Laboratory, India Nianghi George Jiao, Xiamen Univ., China Makio Honda, JAMSTEC, Japan Toru Kobari, Kagoshima Univ., Japan & M. Elskens, P. J. Lam, J. Hwang, D. Karl, C. Benitez-Nelson..
3 VERTIGO field program 3 week process studies at two contrasting sites - long enough to capture variations with depth & time - contrasting wrt major flux producers & magnitudes Multiple methods for particle flux - new devices to capture flux (NBST) - close look at potential methods artifacts Multiple elements and proxies of export & remineralization Study biology, chemistry, physics of particle source region and twilight zone processes Emphasis on 3-D time series sampling & process studies
4 Characteristics of ALOHA and K2 NW Pacific ALOHA K2 Temp 26 to to 2.2 C O nutrients low nm DIN ML 12 µm DIN ML Chl-a.5 <.5 mg/m 3 Chl max 12m 5m Light high low Phyto picoplankton large diatoms (Silver) & N 2 fixers & picoplankton Zoo 2 mg dw/m 2 15 (Steinberg) more >2mm Fv/Fm low low (Boyd) N & P limited Fe limited PProd 2 mg C/m 2 /d 6 to 4 New Prod 18 to 38 mg C/m 2 /d 15 to 7 (Elskens)
5 24 Mean Surface Chlorophyll at ALOHA (8 day avg.) VERTIGO cruise SeaWIFS Chl (mg m-3) 1. 2 km2 5 km2 1 km Julian Day 25 Mean Surface Chlorophyll at K2 (8 day avg.) VERTIGO cruise SeaWIFS Chl (mg m-3) 1. 2 km2 5 km2 1 km Julian Day
6 Very little particle flux data from 1-1m Why? in part, accuracy issues with shallow sediment traps Swimmers Horizontal flow (hydrodynamics) See Andrews et al. poster Preservation (solubilization in collection tubes)
7 NBST Neutrally Buoyant Sediment Trap Free vehicle- Little/No hydrodynamic bias Active buoyancy control <1 day to 3-5 day mission Return to surface closed GPS & flasher See Valdes & Buesseler poster
8 Does flux vary between Hawaii and NW Pacific? ALOHA NW Pacific K2 D1 NW Pacific K2 D2 1 Depth Depth 2 3 CLAP NBST Mass Flux (blk corr-mg/m2/d) Mass Flux (blk corr-mg/m2/d) Mass Flux (blk corr-mg/m2/d) Yes- large difference in total mass flux & differences in flux vs. depth patterns Some differences between trap types- Andrews et al. poster
9 K2 NW Pacific 25 ALOHA 24 Carbon flux or uptake (mm m-2 d-1) Carbon flux or uptake (mm m-2 d-1) & 4m data from average (Karl, UH) Trap #1 Trap #2 PProd #1 PProd #2 48m data from same July/Aug time period in 25 (Honda, JAMSTEC) Most efficient transport of POC to depth at K2 in association with end of diatom bloom
10 K2 NW Pacific 25 ALOHA 24 Carbon flux or uptake (mm m-2 d-1) Carbon flux or uptake (mm m-2 d-1) Trap #1 Trap #2 PProd #1 PProd #2 ALOHA K2 1st Deployment 2nd Deployment 1st Deployment 2nd Deployment Primary Production m POC Flux m POC Flux m POC Flux m POC Flux.15*.15* 4m POC Flux.12*.12* 1.35**.69** 15m/P.P. ( e-ratio ) 1% 8% 12% 6% 5m Flux/15m Flux 2% 21% 46% 55% 28m Flux/15m Flux 1% 8% 4m Flux/15m Flux ( transfer efficiency ) 8% 6% 26% 36% 4m Flux/P.P. 1% 1% 3% 2% 28 & 4m data from average (Karl, UH) 48m data from same July/Aug time period in 25 (Honda, JAMSTEC) Most efficient transport of POC to depth at K2 in association with end of diatom bloom
11 Flux attenuation differs greatly between elements ALOHA flux vs. depth averages deployment #1 Deployment #1 POC flux (mm m-2 d-1) Chlorophyll-a flux (µg m-2 d-1) > > 3 > CLAP NBST CLAP NBST CLAP NBST -1 PIC flux (mm m d ) -2 Silica flux (mm m d ) CLAP NBST For trace metal flux vs. depth- Lamborg et al. For all data, ALOHA & K2- Manganini et al. poster
12 3 ALOHA increasing remineralization Martin "b" value Deploy 1 Deploy th mass pc pn pic poc pp bsi ALOHA flux attenuation much greater than K2 for all elements Chl > POC, PN > bsi > Fe > PIC > Th fe tot chl 3 K2 NW Pacific 2 Martin et al., increasing remineralization Martin "b" value Deploy 1 Deploy 2 Fz=F15(z/15)-b See Manganini et al poster th mass pc pn pic poc pp bsi fe tot chl
13 POC/N (mol) Constant C vs N flux but C:N increase in deeper traps suggests at least two flux components CLAP NBST POC/N (mol) POC labile & high C/N residual CLAP NBST
14 Need 3 components to match POC, C/N, PIC, bsi gradients - use measured b for POC, PIC, bsi - use est. of POC/PIC and POC/bSi and measured POC, PIC and bsi - predict flux vs. depth & compare to deep traps ALOHA 3 component model fit & data POC flux (mm m-2 d-1) PIC/bSi POC/PIC Measured trap flux NBST 24 Sum POC Labile POC Carbonate POC Opal POC Deep trap average Karl et al. unpub.
15 What we know from VERTIGO (so far) Successful sampling of 2 contrasting sites ALOHA- low flux, high remin. vs. depth- flux 5/15 = 2% K2- high flux, low flux attenuation- flux 5/15 = 5% Flux attenuation vs. depth varies for different elements Chl-a > POC, PN > bsi > Fe > PIC > Th C vs. N flux constant 15-5m & changing POC/PIC, PIC/bSi vs. depth requires 3 component flux model to represent POC transfer to depth Diatoms associated with efficient POC delivery to deep ocean Upcoming VERTIGO talkslook at characteristics of particle source region, flux ID, sinking rates, zooplankton and bacterial processing *important to study twilight zone processes to understand POC & elemental flux delivery to depth
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