Nutrients; Aerobic Carbon Production and Consumption
|
|
- Caroline Allison
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Nutrients; Aerobic Carbon Production and Consumption OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography Reading: Libes, Chapters 8 and 9
2 Formation and respiration of organic matter DINutrients POM Primary Producers Autotrophs Mostly photosynthesizers (they use light energy) called phytoplankton phyto = light plankton = small drifting organisms Some chemotrophs (don t need light) live in unusual environments like hydrothermal vents, anoxic environments C, H, O, N, P, S + trace elements Oceanic reservoirs of N, P are small P forms phosphates, others facilitate e- transfer
3 Production and destruction biogeochemistry Redfield-Richards Equation: P CO 2 + N + P + H 2 0 Organic matter + O 2 R We will look first at the so-called inorganic nutrients : N, P and Si They are also called biolimiting elements -- Why? 1. Small reservoir size in oceans 2. Fast turnover time 3. Required for many kinds of biological activity
4 Foreshadowing: Controls on Atmospheric CO 2 Remarkable consistency for glacial/interglacial concentrations of CO 2
5 How do we get from the marine food web to a global assessment of CO2 flux??? With great difficulty!
6 Every (other) breath you take is a by-product of plankton primary production Libes Figure 8.1
7 Chemical Composition of Biological Particulate Material Hard Parts - Shells Name Mineral Size (um) Coccoliths CaCO 3 Calcite 5 Diatoms SiO 2 Opal Silicoflagellates SiO 2 Opal 30 Foraminifera CaCO 3 Calcite ~100 and Aragonite Radiolaria SiO 2 Opal ~100 Pteropods CaCO 3 Aragonite ~1000 Acantharia SrSO 4 Celestite ~100
8 Soft Parts - protoplasm from Redfield, Ketchum and Richards (1963) The Sea Vol. 2 Also for particles caught by sediment traps. Limiting nutrients, blooms, hypoxia Residence time>>mixing time = stable 16:1
9 The Redfield or "RKR" Equation (A Model) The mean elemental ratio of marine organic particles is given as: P : N : C = 1 : 16 : 106 The average ocean photosynthesis (forward) and aerobic ( O 2 ) respiration (reverse) is written as: 106 CO HNO 3 + H 3 PO H 2 O + trace elements (e.g. Fe, Zn, Mn ) light (h ν) ( C 106 H 263 O 110 N 16 P ) O 2 or (CH 2 O) 106 (NH 3 ) 16 (H 3 PO 4 ) Algal Protoplasm The actual chemical species assimilated during this reaction are: HCO - 3 NO - 3 PO 3-4 NO - 2 NH + 4
10 1. This is an organic oxidation-reduction reaction - during photosynthesis C and N are reduced and O is oxidized. During respiration the reverse occurs. There are no changes in the oxidation state of P. We assume C has an oxidation state of 0 which is the value of C in formaldehyde (CH 2 O), that N has an oxidation state of -III and that H and P do not change oxidation states. 2. Photosynthesis is endothermic. This means is requires energy from an outside source. In this case the energy source is the sun. Essentially plants convert the photo energy from the sun into high energy C - C bonds. This conversion happens in the plants photosystems. Respiration is exothermic. This means it could occur spontaneously and release energy. In actuality it is always mediated by bacteria which use the reactions to obtain their energy for life. Why is organic matter an electron donor?
11 Z-scheme for photosynthetic electron transport Falkowski and Raven (1997) ADP ATP Ferredoxin Energy Scale ADP ATP to Krebs cycle and carbohydrate formation photooxidation of water energy from sun converted to C-C, energy rich, chemical bonds
12 3. Stoichiometry breakdown of oxygen production CO 2 + H 2 O (CH 2 O) + O 2 C : O 2 1 : 1 H + + NO H 2 O (NH 3 ) + 2O 2 N : O 2 1 : 2 4. Total oxygen production: 106 C + 16 N x 2 = 138 O 2 5. If ammonia is available it is preferentially taken up by phytoplankton. If NH 3 is used as the N source then less O 2 is produced during photosynthesis 106 CO NH 3 + H 3 PO H 2 O + trace elements light (hν) (CH 2 O) 106 (NH 3 ) 16 (H 3 PO 4 ) O 2 The relationship between O 2 and NO 3 /NH 4 is 2:1 (as shown in point #3) 16 HNO H 2 O = 16 NH O 2
13 Inorganic Nutrients 1. Physical Speciation (operational definitions!) A. Dissolved -- pass thru a specified filter B. Particulate -- retained by a specified filter C. Colloidal -- pass thru conventional filters, but are not dissolved
14 2. Chemical Speciation A. Phosphorus i. Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus (DIP) a. ph-dependent speciation of Orthophosphate: H 3 PO 4 H 2 PO - 4 HPO 2-4 (most important at sw ph) PO 4 3- b. Polyphosphate linked phosphate polymers Dissolved Organic Phosphorus (DOP) e.g., Phospholipids, ATP, ADP
15 Ruttenberg
16 Ruttenberg
17 Seasonal P variations Sedimentation of particulate phosphorus (org P dep) Release of DIP from seds Canfield Fig
18 Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN) Dissolved Organic Nitrogen (DON) B. Nitrogen Redox-dependent speciation of dissolved forms: Species Oxid State NO 3 - (nitrate) +V NO 2 - (nitrite) +III N 2 O (nitrous oxide) +I N 2 (dinitrogen) 0 NH 4 + -III Organic-N -III (e.g., Urea H 2 N-CO-NH 2 ) NH 4 + (ammonium ion) NH 3 (ammonia )
19
20 Aquatic microbial N cycling A) nitrogen fixation B) NOx assimilation C) ammonification D) NH4+ assimilation E) NH4+ oxidation F) NO2- oxidation G) NO3- ammonification H) Denitrification I) anammox a, burial b, downward diffusion c, upward diffusion d, NH4+ adsorption e, NH4+ desorption Canfield Fig
21 C. Silica Soluble forms: H 2 SiO 3 (95% of total dissolved silica over a broad ph range) HSiO - 3 (5% of total dissolved silica) SiO 2-3 (<<1% of total dissolved sillica)
22 Nutrient Regeneration and AOU (dissolved species) Detrital POM + lateral water mass movement + aerobic respiration = O 2 consumption AOU = Normal Atmospheric Equilibrium Conc [O 2 ] in situ
23 Libes Figure 8.2
24 RESPIRATION Modified from Sarmiento & Gruber 2006
25 Food Web Structure Different N Sources New Production - NO 3 - as N source (from diffusion/upwelling from below and from the atmosphere via nitrogen fixation and nitrification) Regenerated Production - NH 4 + and urea as N source New/Net/Export Flux The f-ratio: f = NO 3 uptake / NO 3 + NH 4 uptake (defined by Dugdale and Goering, 1969) If we write P = gross production and R = respiration then we can also approximate f as: f = P - R P also called the ratio of net to gross production
26 Libes Figure 9.1
27 Libes Figure 9.1
28 Libes Figure 9.2
29 Nutrient Vertical Profiles
30 Mid-Ocean Nutrient Profiles - Phosphorus Main processes controlling vertical distribution of nutrients: [P] several µmol L -1 High consumption of inorganic nutrients; high production of organic nutrients Depth Slow release of inorganic nutrients due to decomposition of falling particles; slow utilization of organic nutrients 2000 m DOP DIP
31 Mid-Ocean Nutrient Profiles - Nitrogen [N] tens of µmol L -1 Depth NH 4 + NO 2 - Low-[O 2 ] loss of NO 3 - (denitrification) 2000 m DON NO - O 2 3 Denitrification (nitrate reduction): 2NO CH 2 O + 8H + + 6e - N 2 + CO 2 + 5H 2 O
32 Nitrite - An Indicator of Suboxia Typically, nitrate and nitrite are measured together (reported as their sum). However, nitrite maxima can be observed: Subsurface maximum (presumably due to suboxic zone in/on particles O 2 -minimum zone maximum NH 4 + profiles look similar (two maxima)
33 Oxygen Nutrient Diagrams Redfield-Richards Equation in Action NW Pacific Slope -120 µm O 2 µm PO 4 Slope -12 µm O 2 µm NO 3 Redfield: AOU/ΔP = 138/1 = 138 AOU/ΔN = 138/16 = 9 Actually, NO NO 2-. For simplicity, ignore NH 4 +
34 Why Are Nutrient Concs Different in Each Ocean? Look at Ocean Net Flow at 4000 m
35 Dissolved Oxygen at 4000 m
36 Dissolved Nitrate at 4000 m
37 Measurement & Use of AOU Equator [Preformed] N [Measured] For biogeochemically regenerated elements in seawater, the Redfield- Richards Equation indicates: [Measured] = [Preformed] + [Oxidative] [Oxidative] Change in conc due to organic matter oxidation
38 [Measured] = [Preformed] + [Oxidative] [P] [O 2 ] Depth Depth AOU - [O 2, oxidative ] AOU P preformed P oxid P measured O 2, measured O 2,preformed
39 (mol/l) (Solve for ΔC)
40 Use appropriate local Redfield (C:P) ratio
41 AOU and Denitrification Denitrification (nitrate reduction): 2NO CH 2 O + 8H + + 6e - N 2 + CO 2 + 5H 2 O
42 Particle Composition Spatial differences Temporal differences (highest C:N due to lack of nutrients) C : N
Nutrients; Aerobic Carbon Production and Consumption
Nutrients; Aerobic Carbon Production and Consumption OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography Reading: Libes, Chapters 8 and 9 Formation and respiration of organic matter DINutrients POM Primary Producers Autotrophs
More informationNutrients; Aerobic Carbon Production and Consumption
Nutrients; Aerobic Carbon Production and Consumption OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography Reading: Libes, Chapters 8 and 9 Why is organic matter such a good electron donor? Every (other) breath you take is a
More informationTerm paper topics, due February 9
Term paper topics, due February 9 ODV mini-projects, due March 14 (10% final grade) Individuals or teams of two Using any available datasets, put together a ~7-10 minute talk to present in class on March
More informationTerm paper topics, due February 8
Term paper topics, due February 8 ODV mini-projects, due March 13 (10% final grade) Individuals or teams of two Using any available datasets, put together a ~7-10 minute talk to present in class on March
More informationChemical Oceanography Spring 2000 Final Exam (Use the back of the pages if necessary)(more than one answer may be correct.)
Ocean 421 Your Name Chemical Oceanography Spring 2000 Final Exam (Use the back of the pages if necessary)(more than one answer may be correct.) 1. Due to the water molecule's (H 2 O) great abundance in
More informationMaking Sediments: Biogenic Production, Carbonate Saturation and Sediment Distributions
Making Sediments: Biogenic Production, Carbonate Saturation and Sediment Distributions OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography Reading: Libes, Chapters 15 and 16 Outline I. Deep sea sedimentation Detrital sediments
More informationLecture 23: Marine Nitrogen Cycle. Karen Casciotti
Lecture 23: Marine Nitrogen Cycle Karen Casciotti Overview Why study the nitrogen cycle? Nitrogen pools, fluxes, and distributions Biogeochemical transformations Open questions Human impacts on the nitrogen
More informationThe Marine Nitrogen Cycle Experiments
Current Science Editorial Board Meet: 30 th Nov 2015 The Marine Nitrogen Cycle Experiments R. Ramesh Physical Research Laboratory Ahmedabad Solubility, Biological Pumps & New production Redfield Ratio
More informationGlobal phosphorus cycle
Global phosphorus cycle OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography 11 April 2013 2013 Arisa Okazaki and Kathleen Ruttenberg Outline 1. Introduction on global phosphorus (P) cycle 2. Terrestrial environment 3. Atmospheric
More informationChemical Oceanography 14 March 2012 Points are in parentheses (show all your work) Final Exam
Ocean 400 Name: Chemical Oceanography 14 March 2012 Winter 2012 Points are in parentheses (show all your work) (give as much detail as you can) (use back if necessary) Final Exam 1. Sarmiento and Gruber
More informationSun. Photosynthesis (performed by plants, algae, and some bacteria) Respiration (performed by all organisms) 6 O 2 6 CO 2.
Photosynthesis (performed by plants, algae, and some bacteria) Sun 6 O 6 CO 6 H O C 6 H O 6 (glucose) Solar energy + 6 H O + 6 CO C 6 H O 6 + 6 O Energy Respiration (performed by all organisms) 6 O 6 CO
More informationGlobal Carbon Cycle - I
Global Carbon Cycle - I Reservoirs and Fluxes OCN 401 - Biogeochemical Systems 13 November 2012 Reading: Schlesinger, Chapter 11 Outline 1. Overview of global C cycle 2. Global C reservoirs 3. The contemporary
More informationGlobal Carbon Cycle - I
Global Carbon Cycle - I OCN 401 - Biogeochemical Systems Reading: Schlesinger, Chapter 11 1. Overview of global C cycle 2. Global C reservoirs Outline 3. The contemporary global C cycle 4. Fluxes and residence
More informationChemistry in Sediments: Aerobic to Anaerobic Diagenesis
Chemistry in Sediments: Aerobic to Anaerobic Diagenesis OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography Reading: Libes, Chapter 12 Why Study Sediments? Very large surface area of sediments with respect to the volume of
More informationChapter 15 Organic Matter Diagenesis Jim Murray (5/09/01) Univ. Washington NO 3
Chapter 15 Organic Matter Diagenesis Jim Murray (5/09/01) Univ. Washington 15-1 Oxidation-reduction reactions Many elements in the periodic table can exist in more than one oxidation state. Oxidation states
More informationCO2 in atmosphere is influenced by pco2 of surface water (partial pressure of water is the CO2 (gas) that would be in equilibrium with water).
EART 254, Lecture on April 6 & 11, 2011 Introduction (skipped most of this) Will look at C and N (maybe) cycles with respect to how they influence CO2 levels in the atmosphere. Ocean chemistry controls
More informationOCN 623 Chemical Oceanography
OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography Reading: Libes, Chapters 22 & 23 (much detail on subject) Note: You can skim the details on compound classes (22.4) Operational definitions! 1 POM 2 Organic compounds display
More informationSCOPE 35 Scales and Global Change (1988)
1. Types and origins of marine sediments 2. Distribution of sediments: controls and patterns 3. Sedimentary diagenesis: (a) Sedimentary and organic matter burial (b) Aerobic and anaerobic decomposition
More informationGlobal Carbon Cycle - I Systematics: Reservoirs and Fluxes
OCN 401-10 Nov. 16, 2010 KCR Global Carbon Cycle - I Systematics: Reservoirs and Fluxes The Global carbon cycle Reservoirs: biomass on land in the oceans, atmosphere, soil and rocks, waters Processes:
More informationStoichiometries of remineralisation and denitrification in global biogeochemical ocean models
Biogeosciences, 6, 93 935, 009 www.biogeosciences.net/6/93/009/ Author(s) 009. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Biogeosciences Stoichiometries of remineralisation
More informationProkaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes
The Microbial World Prokaryotes Vs. Eukaryotes Mircrobes of the Ocean Primary Producers Are the organisms that produce bio-mass from inorganic compounds (autotrophs). -Photosynthetic autotrophs Phytoplankton
More informationDIAGRAM 1: Ocean Carbon Cycle DIAGRAM 2: Terrestrial Carbon Cycle
DIAGRAM 1: Ocean Carbon Cycle DIAGRAM 2: Terrestrial Carbon Cycle DIAGRAM 3: Ocean Monthly CO 2 Flux Molecules of CO 2 enter the ocean by diffusing into the sea surface waters and dissolving a physio-chemical
More informationNutrient Cycling in Land Plants
Nutrient Cycling in Land Plants OCN 401 - Biogeochemical Systems 10 September 2015 Reading: Chapter 6 2015 Frank Sansone Outline 1. Plant nutrient requirements and sources 2. Nutrient uptake by plants
More informationLecture Summary. Physical properties of water exert profound control on nutrient cycling and NPP in lakes
Lecture Summary Physical properties of water exert profound control on nutrient cycling and NPP in lakes Lakes respond dynamically to seasonal climate change The biogeochemical character of lakes is directly
More informationThe Global Carbon Cycle Recording the Evolution of Earth, from the origin of life to the industrialization of the planet
The Global Carbon Cycle Recording the Evolution of Earth, from the origin of life to the industrialization of the planet Celebrating 5 years of world-leading collaborative and multidisciplinary research
More informationOrganic Compounds in Sea Water
Organic Compounds in Sea Water OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography Reading: Libes, Chapters 22 & 23 (much detail on subject) Note: You can skim the details on compound classes (22.4) Operational definitions!
More informationBiogeochemical Cycles
s. 16 2553 Hydrologic cycle cycle Carbon cycle Contents 2 Did you know? 3 (bio) (chemical) (geo;, ) biogeochemical cycles Biogeochemistry = the study of the exchange or flux of materials between living
More informationXI. the natural carbon cycle. with materials from J. Kasting (Penn State)
XI. the natural carbon cycle with materials from J. Kasting (Penn State) outline properties of carbon the terrestrial biological cycle of carbon the ocean cycle of carbon carbon in the rock cycle overview
More informationPHOTOSYNTHESIS PHOTOSYNTHESIS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS PHOTOSYNTHESIS Life Processes are the basic functions performed by living organisms to maintain their life on this earth. Nutrition is the process by which the organisms can assimilate and
More informationThe Tree of Life. Metabolic Pathways. Calculation Of Energy Yields
The Tree of Life Metabolic Pathways Calculation Of Energy Yields OCN 401 - Biogeochemical Systems 8/27/09 Earth s History (continental crust) 170 Oldest oceanic crust Ga = billions of years ago The Traditional
More informationNutrient Cycling in Land Plants
Nutrient Cycling in Land Plants OCN 401 - Biogeochemical Systems 7 September 2017 Reading: Chapter 6 2017 Frank Sansone Outline 1. Plant nutrient requirements and sources 2. Nutrient uptake by plants Nutrient
More informationCarbon Dioxide, Alkalinity and ph
Carbon Dioxide, Alkalinity and ph OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography 15 March 2018 Reading: Libes, Chapter 15, pp. 383 389 (Remainder of chapter will be used with the classes Global Carbon Dioxide and Biogenic
More informationElectrons, life and the evolution of Earth s chemical cycles*
Electrons, life and the evolution of Earth s chemical cycles* 4H2O > 4e - + 4H + + O2 CO2 + 4e - + 4H + > (CH2O) + H2O OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography 25 April 2017 *largely based on Falkowski and Godfrey
More informationI. Micro-nutrients in the oceans
Impact of global change on ocean biogeochemical cycles (N, P, C and trace elements) Palma de Mallorca, 17 21 Oct 2011 I. Micro-nutrients in the oceans X. Antón Álvarez Salgado CSIC, Instituto de Investigacións
More informationkey to long-term sustainability is recycling..
.. to support life over ~ 4 billion years, Earth must be sustainable system.. key to long-term sustainability is recycling.. Earth System how are key elements needed for life (C, N, P) recycled on the
More information(review) Organization of life
Marine life: the plankton Production & Energy Transfer Part of Chapter 12, Chapter 13 (review) Organization of life Prokaryotes (usually no nucleus simple life forms) Domain Archaea: : most are extremophiles
More informationEffect of Life on the Atmosphere: The Rise of Oxygen and Ozone
Some preliminary chemistry Chapter 11 Effect of Life on the Atmosphere: The Rise of Oxygen and Ozone Chemical reactions involve the giving and taking of electrons between atoms. the nucleus is not affected
More informationLesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment. Water s abundance is a primary reason there is life on Earth.
Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment Water s abundance is a primary reason there is life on Earth. Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment Atoms and Elements Atoms are the basic unit of matter. Nucleus:
More informationVariations in chemical and phase speciation of phosphorus during estuarine mixing in the Bay of Saint Louis. Laodong Guo and Peng Lin
Variations in chemical and phase speciation of phosphorus during estuarine mixing in the Bay of Saint Louis Laodong Guo and Peng Lin Department of Marine Science University of Southern Mississippi Acknowledgements
More informationAQA Biology A-level Topic 5: Energy transfers in and between organisms
AQA Biology A-level Topic 5: Energy transfers in and between organisms Notes Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is a reaction in which light energy is used to produce glucose in plants. The process requires
More information(10) 2. Given the following hypothetical equilibrium reaction between three ions in water
(10) 1. List and explain five (5) reasons for studying trace metal speciation or the speciation of any element or chemical constituent found in the ocean. (10) 2. Given the following hypothetical equilibrium
More informationLife on Earth
Life on Earth By feeding, i.e. source of energy a) Autotrophs, self-feeding, e.g. plants (phyto-) b) Heterotrophs, eat others, e.g. animals (zoo-) By feeding, i.e. source of energy a) Autotrophs b)
More informationOxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions Def n: Reactions in which one or more electrons is shifted from one element to another (In acid/base, gas transfer, and precipitation reactions discussed previously,
More informationPhytoplankton. The Biological Pump. Nutrient Cycling and the Marine Biological Pump. Phytoplankton and Zooplankton. CSU ATS Sco9 Denning 1
Nutrient Cycling and the Marine Biological Pump Readings: SelecGons from Williams & Follows (2011) Sabine et al (2004): Ocean Sink for Anthropogenic CO 2 Phytoplankton Diameter: < 1 mm to over 100 mm ConcentraGon:
More information(4) Give an example of important reactions that are responsible for the composition of river water.
Lecture 12 Global Biogeochemical Cycles (1) If rivers are the chief source of the dissolved salts in seawater, why is seawater not simply a concentrated version of average composition of all rivers? The
More informationChapter 7: Environmental Systems and Ecosystem Ecology
Chapter 7: Environmental Systems and Ecosystem Ecology Vocabulary words to know: Hypoxia Negative feedback Dynamic equilibrium Emergent properties Lithosphere Biosphere Gross primary production Nutrients
More informationFigure 65: Reservoir in a steady state condition where the input flux is equal to the output flux and the reservoir size remains constant.
7. The carbon cycle 7.1. Box model of the carbon cycle Without the greenhouse effect, our planet would experience a permanent ice age and life as we know it would not be possible. The main contributors
More informationLecture 16 - Stable isotopes
Lecture 16 - Stable isotopes 1. The fractionation of different isotopes of oxygen and their measurement in sediment cores has shown scientists that: (a) ice ages are common and lasted for hundreds of millions
More informationEarly diagenesis in marine sediments
Early diagenesis in marine sediments Why study this part of the ocean? Particle flux to the sea floor ocean surface sediments early diagenesis layer Biogeochemical reactions Why study this part of the
More informationAtmospheric Evolution: Earth s s Oxidation
Earth s s Atmosphere Thematic Questions about the Atmosphere Observations of the Modern Atmosphere What is its structure and composition? What controls atmospheric dynamics? Information from the Rock Record
More informationBIOL 695 NITROGEN. Chapter 7 MENGEL et al, 5th Ed NITROGEN CYCLE. Leaching
BIOL 695 NITROGEN Chapter 7 MENGEL et al, 5th Ed NITROGEN CYCLE Leaching INDUSTRIAL N FIXATION High energy requirement Haber-Bosch Process Natural gas - High Temperature & pressure N 2 + 3H 2 2 NH 3 BIOLOGICAL
More informationMicroorganisms. Dissolved inorganics. Native vs. Introduced; Oligotrophic vs. Eutrophic Millions to billions per ml or g Complex consortia
1 Microorganisms Native vs. Introduced; Oligotrophic vs. Eutrophic Millions to billions per ml or g Complex consortia Species makeup: f(t, O 2, ph, nutrients, etc.) Indicators & pathogens Dissolved inorganics
More information- vertical and horizontal segregation Univ. Washington - case studies (Fe and N) (10/29/01)
Chapter 10: Biolimiting Elements James W. Murray - vertical and horizontal segregation Univ. Washington - case studies (Fe and N) (10/29/01) By definition, biolimiting elements are those: necessary to
More informationBIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES BASICS Biogeochemical Cycle: The complete path a chemical takes through the four major components, or reservoirs, of Earth s system (atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere)
More informationA Level. A Level Biology. AQA, OCR, Edexcel. Photosynthesis, Respiration Succession and Nutrient Cycle Questions. Name: Total Marks: Page 1
AQA, OCR, Edexcel A Level A Level Biology Photosynthesis, Respiration Succession and Nutrient Cycle Questions Name: Total Marks: Page 1 Q1. The diagram shows the energy flow through a freshwater ecosystem.
More informationOxidation States. 1. Redox potential Oxic vs. anoxic Simple electrochemical cell Redox potential in nature
1. Redox potential Oxic vs. anoxic Simple electrochemical cell Redox potential in nature 2. Redox reactions Redox potential of a reaction Eh ph diagrams Redox reactions in nature 3. Biogeochemical reactions
More informationLook For the Following Key Ideas
Look For the Following Key Ideas * Energy flows through living systems, but matter is recycled. * Primary producers, called autotrophs, synthesize glucose by the process of photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
More informationLooking for Nitrogen Fixation and Denitrification in All of the Right Places L.A. Codispoti HPL 27 May 2008
Looking for Nitrogen Fixation and Denitrification in All of the Right Places L.A. Codispoti HPL 27 May 2008 (With thanks to a host of colleagues and the meeting organizers) Nomenclature & Background Canonical
More informationClimate Variability Studies in the Ocean
Climate Variability Studies in the Ocean Topic 1. Long-term variations of vertical profiles of nutrients in the western North Pacific Topic 2. Biogeochemical processes related to ocean carbon cycling:
More informationCHAPTER 5 WARM UPS. Mrs. Hilliard
CHAPTER 5 WARM UPS Mrs. Hilliard CHAPTER 5 VOCABULARY 1. Photosynthesis 2. Cellular respiration 3. Producer 4. Consumer 5. Decomposer 6. Food chain 7. Food web 8. Trophic level 9. Carbon cycle 10. Nitrogen-fixing
More informationTime-series observations in the Northern Indian Ocean V.V.S.S. Sarma National Institute of Oceanography Visakhapatnam, India
The Second GEOSS Asia-Pacific Symposium, Tokyo, 14-16 th April 28 Time-series observations in the Northern Indian Ocean V.V.S.S. Sarma National Institute of Oceanography Visakhapatnam, India Seasonal variations
More informationPart 2. Oceanic Carbon and Nutrient Cycling. Lecture Outline. 1. Net Primary Production (NPP) a) Global Patterns b) Fate of NPP
OCN 401 Biogeochemical Systems (10.25.16) (Schlesinger: Chapter 9) Part 2. Oceanic Carbon and Nutrient Cycling Lecture Outline 1. Net Primary Production (NPP) a) Global Patterns b) Fate of NPP 2. Sediment
More informationOcean Sediments OCN Nov 2016
Ocean Sediments OCN 401 10 Nov 2016 Outline Significance & terms Origin & distribution of major types of marine sediments Delivery - dissolution destruction mid-ocean ridges Significance of ocean sediments
More informationChemical Speciation. OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography. 30 January Reading Libes, Chapter Frank Sansone
Chemical Speciation OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography 30 January 2014 Reading Libes, Chapter 5 2014 Frank Sansone Outline Up until now, we have assumed that ionic solutesdissolve in their solvent(water) as
More informationAP Biology Energy Exam Study Guide. Enzymes, Cellular Respiration, Metabolic Patterns, and Photosynthesis
AP Biology Energy Exam Study Guide Enzymes, Cellular Respiration, Metabolic Patterns, and Photosynthesis 1. In which orientation must these two amino acids be brought together to form a dipeptide bond?
More informationCommunities Structure and Dynamics
Communities Structure and Dynamics (Outline) 1. Community & niche. 2. Inter-specific interactions with examples. 3. The trophic structure of a community 4. Food chain: primary, secondary, tertiary, and
More informationPhytoplankton Photosynthesis
Phytoplankton Photosynthesis RedOx Reactions Some more history Quantum Yields Photosynthetic Units Physical Structure The Z-Scheme The Calvin-Benson Cycle Measuring Photosynthesis ABSORBPTION SPECTRUM
More informationGlobal Biogeochemical Cycles and. II. Biological Metabolism
Global Biogeochemical Cycles and Biological Metabolism I. Biogeochemistry & Biogeochemical Cycles A. Global cycles: nitrogen, water, carbon B. Carbon cycle through time II. Biological Metabolism A. Redox
More informationProblem Set #4 ANSWER KEY Fall 2009 Due: 9:30, Monday, Nov 30
OCN 520 Problem Set #4 ANSWER KEY Fall 2009 Due: 9:30, Monday, Nov 30 1. Two-Box Ocean Model The B Flux Using a 2 box model like the one you have worked on in problem set #4 (question 1) assume the following
More informationPrimary Producers. Key Ideas
Primary Producers Kelp forests are one of the ocean s most productive habitats. 1 Key Ideas Energy flows through living systems, but matter is recycled. Primary producers (autotrophs) synthesize glucose
More informationLesson: Primary Production
Lesson: Primary Production By Keith Meldahl Corresponding to Chapter 14: Primary Producers Microscopic phytoplankton -- tiny single-celled plants that float at the ocean s surface, are the ultimate food
More informationSupplementary Figure 1. Observed Aragonite saturation variability and its drivers.
Supplementary Figure 1. Observed Aragonite saturation variability and its drivers. Mean shift in aragonite saturation state from open ocean values, ΔΩ ocean-reef (left), due to freshwater fluxes, ΔΩ fresh
More informationChapter 5. The Biogeochemical Cycles. Botkin & Keller Environmental Science 5e
Chapter 5 The Biogeochemical Cycles How Chemicals Cycle Biogeochemical Cycle The complete path a chemical takes through the four major components or reservoirs of Earth s systems 1. Atmosphere 2. Hydrosphere
More informationPhysiological diversity
Physiological diversity Principles Energetic considerations Biochemical pathways Organisms Ecological relevance Physiological diversity Sulfate- and nitrate reducers (5. Nov.) Methanogens and homoacetogens
More informationLecture 13 More Surface Reactions on Mineral Surfaces. & Intro to Soil Formation and Chemistry
Lecture 13 More Surface Reactions on Mineral Surfaces & Intro to Soil Formation and Chemistry 3. charge transfer (e.g., ligand/donor sorption): Sorption involves a number of related processes that all
More informationWhat cellular structure carries out respiration?
What cellular structure carries out photosynthesis? Label it s parts Chloroplast double membrane grana thylakoid membrane with chlorophyll stroma What cellular structure carries out respiration? Mitochondrian
More informationThe Oceanic Phosphorus Cycle
Subscriber access provided by NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIV The Oceanic Phosphorus Cycle Adina Paytan, and Karen McLaughlin Chem. Rev., 2007, 107 (2), 563-576 DOI: 10.1021/cr0503613 Publication Date (Web): 27
More informationNitrogen cycling driven by organic matter export in the South Pacific oxygen minimum zone
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOI: 10.1038/NGEO1739 Nitrogen cycling driven by organic matter export in the South Pacific oxygen minimum zone Tim Kalvelage, Gaute Lavik, Phyllis Lam, Sergio Contreras, Lionel
More informationEnergy and Matter. Principles of Biology. Organisms interact with their environment, exchanging energy and matter. Topics Covered in this Module
Principles of Biology contents 2 Energy and Matter Organisms interact with their environment, exchanging energy and matter. The Sun. Most ecosystems receive their energy from the Sun's radiation. NASA/European
More informationALKOR 346: First IFM-GEOMAR - HYPOX expedition to the Gotland Basin underway.
ALKOR 346: First IFM-GEOMAR - HYPOX expedition to the Gotland Basin underway. From 18. Sept to 6 Oct. R/V ALKOR is working in the eastern Gotland Basin (central Baltic Sea.). The cruise led by R. Olaf
More informationOceans & Coastal Processes. Edward Butler, AIMS-NT
Oceans & Coastal Processes Edward Butler, AIMS-NT Why Study Marine Science? Oceans cover >70% of planet Life began in the oceans Still an unexplored frontier It s interesting and gets you places others
More informationPhysiography Ocean Provinces p. 1 Dimensions p. 1 Physiographic Provinces p. 2 Continental Margin Province p. 2 Deep-Ocean Basin Province p.
Physiography Ocean Provinces p. 1 Dimensions p. 1 Physiographic Provinces p. 2 Continental Margin Province p. 2 Deep-Ocean Basin Province p. 2 Mid-Ocean Ridge Province p. 3 Benthic and Pelagic Provinces
More informationCommunities Structure and Dynamics
Communities Structure and Dynamics (Outline) 1. Community & niche. 2. Inter-specific interactions with examples. 3. The trophic structure of a community 4. Food chain: primary, secondary, tertiary, and
More informationPHOTOSYNTHESIS. Joseph Priestly 1772 experiment. SFSU Geography 316 Fall 2006 Dr. Barbara A. Holzman
Nutrient Cycling I. A.Photosynthesis B. Respiration C. Production Primary productivity Gross Production Net Production II. Types of photosynthesis A. C3, B. C4, C. CAM D. Comparisons III. General Carbon
More informationStructure & properties of water
OCN 623 Chemical Oceanography Reading: Libes, Chapter 7 Structure & properties of water Water accounts for 96.5 weight percent of seawater Innate characteristics affect nearly all properties of seawater
More informationOceans & Coastal Processes
Why Study Marine Science? Oceans & Coastal Processes Edward Butler, AIMS-NT Oceans cover >70% of planet Life began in the oceans Still an unexplored frontier It s interesting and gets you places others
More information7.014 Quiz III Handout
7.014 Quiz III Handout Quiz III: Wednesday, April 14 12:05-12:55 Walker Gym **This will be a closed book exam** Quiz Review Session: Tuesday, April 13 7:00-9:00 pm room 54-100 Open Tutoring Session: Monday,
More informationOcean Sediments. Key Concepts
Ocean Sediments Key Concepts 1. What are the processes that control what types of sediments are deposited in which places? 2. Conversely, how can we use the sedimentary record to figure out tectonic and
More informationGeol. 656 Isotope Geochemistry
ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION IN THE HYDROLOGIC SYSTEM AND BIOSPHERE HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN ISOTOPE RATIOS IN THE HYDROLOGIC SYSTEM We noted above that isotopically light water has a higher vapor pressure, and hence
More informationPrimary Productivity (Phytoplankton) Lab
Name: Section: Due Date: Lab 10A-1 Primary Productivity (Phytoplankton) Lab Before Coming to Lab: Read Chapter 13 (387-424) in Thurman & Trujillo, 11 th ed. The purpose of this lab is to familiarize you
More informationNutrient Cycling in Land Vegetation and Soils
Nutrient Cycling in Land Vegetation and Soils OCN 401 - Biogeochemical Systems 13 September 2012 Reading: Schlesinger, Chapter 6 Outline 1. The annual Intrasystem Nutrient Cycle 2. Mass balance of the
More informationCh. 4 Cells and Energy. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Ch. 4 Cells and Energy Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 1 2 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Living organisms need energy Most comes indirectly from sun! Some change sunlight into organic compounds Others
More informationFeedback between nutrient availability, NPP and N release
Feedback between nutrient availability, NPP and N release 1 Redfield ratios A typical plant = 45% C, 1.5% N, 0.2%P or C:N = 30 : 1 and C:P = 225 : 1 or C:N:P = 225 : 7.5 : 1 N:P = 7.5 : 1 Mobility of nutrients
More informationViruses. Viruses. Chapter 5. Prokaryotes. Prokaryotes. Prokaryotes
Viruses Chapter 5 The Microbial World Non-cellular infectious agents that have two basic characteristics: Not capable of reproduction without a host cell Structure: Nucleic acid core- can be DNA or RNA
More informationAQA, OCR, Edexcel. A Level. A Level Biology. Photosynthesis, Respiration Succession and Nutrient Cycle Answers. Name: Total Marks:
AQA, OCR, Edexcel A Level A Level Biology Photosynthesis, Respiration Succession and Nutrient Cycle Answers Name: Total Marks: M. (a) (i) respiration; decomposers; (accept bacteria / fungi) (b) 00 = 5.4
More informationEcology 3/15/2017. Today. Autotrophs. Writing Assignment: What does it mean. Last readings on Chlamydomonas populations
Chlorophyll measured in this assay is an indicator of algae levels University College Campus Bayou Average Spring 2008 Fall 2008 0.07 0.12 0.10 0.04 Spring 2009 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.02 2009 0.05 0.07 0.12
More informationPhysiological diversity. Recommended text books. Physiological diversity. Sulfate and nitrate reducers. ! Principles. ! Energetic considerations
Physiological diversity Recommended text books! Principles! Energetic considerations! Biochemical pathways! Organisms! Ecological relevance Physiological diversity! Sulfate- and nitrate reducers (11. Nov.)!
More information1 (a (i) willow (tree) and / or aquatic plants moose wolf. ignore the Sun at the start of the food chain
1 (a (i) willow (tree) and / or aquatic plants moose wolf arrows point from food to feeder ; organisms are in the correct order in the food chain ; [2] ignore the Sun at the start of the food chain (ii)
More informationNitrogen Isotope Dynamics of the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela
University of South Florida Scholar Commons Marine Science Faculty Publications College of Marine Science 7-1-2004 Nitrogen Isotope Dynamics of the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela Robert C. Thunell University
More informationChapter 12: Acids and Bases: Ocean Carbonate System James Murray 4/30/01 Univ. Washington
Chapter 12: Acids and Bases: Ocean Carbonate System James Murray 4/30/01 Univ. Washington Last lecture was concerned with gas exchange and one example we looked at was the solubility of CO 2. Next we have
More information