Today s Lecture: Land, biosphere, cryosphere (All that stuff we don t have equations for... )
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1 Today s Lecture: Land, biosphere, cryosphere (All that stuff we don t have equations for... )
2 4 Land, biosphere, cryosphere 1. Introduction 2. Atmosphere 3. Ocean 4. Land, biosphere, cryosphere 4.1 Land biosphere atmosphere ocean interaction 4.2 The carbon cycle 4.3 Cryosphere atmosphere ocean interaction 4.4 Sea ice 4.5 Continental ice sheets and ice shelves 4.6 Glaciers 5. The climate system 6. Internal variability 7. Forcing and feedbacks 8. Anthropogenic climate change UNEP Global Outlook for Ice and Snow (2007), IPCC AR5, NSIDC (linked from course web page)
3 4.1 Land biosphere atmosphere ocean interaction Land is a sink of atmospheric momentum Orography shapes circulation (stationary Rossby waves) Land sea temperature contrast shapes circulation Land and ocean are a source/sink of sensible and latent heat Land and ocean are a source of aerosol Land and ocean are a source/sink of trace gases
4 4.2 The carbon cycle The slow carbon cycle: weathering, biogeochemical pump, metamorphism, volcanoes Figure: Kasting 1995
5 The fast carbon cycle seasonal cycle of biological primary productivity Figures: Scripps CO 2 program, NASA, NOAA ESRL
6 Carbon cycle and carbon reservoirs Carbon reservoirs are large, but cycling is slow Anthropogenic carbon fluxes are small compared to the natural fluxes But the flux imbalance is large compared to the natural flux imbalance Only about 50% of emitted anthropogenic carbon remains in the atmosphere in the short term Figure: U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science
7 4.3 Cryosphere atmosphere ocean interaction The cryosphere acts as a reservoir for water, which is released on short (annual) and long (> millennial) time scales Freezing and melting are strong local influences on ocean salinity Albedo of ice affects shortwave flux into ocean Low thermal conductivity insulates ocean from atmosphere Components of the cryosphere Sea ice Ice sheets Ice shelves Glaciers Which of these (directly) influence the sea level? Figure: IPCC AR5
8 4.4 Sea ice Annual cycle of freezing and melting First-year and multi-year ice; ice thickness, persistence through melt season Ice albedo (depends on snow cover) Polynyas as source of sensible and latent heat
9 Annual cycle of sea ice extent Arctic sea ice occupies the Arctic Ocean, including the pole; partly persists for multiple years Antarctic sea ice forms equatorward of the Antarctic continent and consists mostly of first-year ice Freezing of the Arctic Ocean restricts moisture flux Arctic sea ice is polar desert with low snow cover (bare ice albedo: 0.5) Southern Ocean provides moisture source for snowfall on Antarctic sea ice (snow-covered ice albedo: 0.9) Figure: NSIDC
10 Annual cycle of arctic sea ice extent Arctic Sea Ice Extent (Area of Ocean with at least 15% sea ice) 18 Extent (Millions of square kilometers) Average ±2 Standard Deviations Show all Hide all Annual cycle is much larger than interannual variability Interannual variability is also large compared to the trend The trend is very large compared to zero (anomaly sign is the same year after year) BETA National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, CO 0 1 Jan 1 Feb 1 Mar 1 Apr 1 May 1 Jun 1 Jul 1 Aug 1 Sep 1 Oct 1 Nov 1 Dec 31 Dec Date Figures: NSIDC
11 Annual cycle of antarctic sea ice extent Antarctic Sea Ice Extent (Area of Ocean with at least 15% sea ice) 22.5 Extent (Millions of square kilometers) Average ±2 Standard Deviations Show all Hide all Annual cycle is much larger than interannual variability Interannual variability is also large compared to the trend The trend is small (anomaly sign is often different between years) and positive BETA National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, CO 0 1 Jan 1 Feb 1 Mar 1 Apr 1 May 1 Jun 1 Jul 1 Aug 1 Sep 1 Oct 1 Nov 1 Dec 31 Dec Date Figures: NSIDC
12 Ice thickness Figure: IPCC AR5
13 4.5 Continental ice sheets and ice shelves G r e e n l a n d M e l t i n g o n t h e l o w e r p a r t s o f t h e s u r f a c e, i c e b e r g s c a l v e o f f f r o m i c e s h e e t e d g e s i n t o i c e f j o r d s a n d t h e s e a O c e a n Equilibrium line Iceberg calving Ablation Ice flow A n t a r c t i c a I c e s h e l v e s, w i t h s u b g l a c i a l m e l t i n g. I c e b e r g s c a l v e o f f f r o m i c e s h e l v e s Snow accumulation I c e s h e e t B e d r o c k Ice flow Figure 6A.1: Ice sheets. I c e s h e l f Subglacial melting Iceberg calving Ocean Source: based on material provided by K. Steffen, CIRES/Univ. of Colorado Ice sheets are accumulations of permanent (i.e., non-seasonal) ice of continental size In the present-day climate, there are two: Greenland and Antarctica Whether their mass increases or decreases (the mass balance) depends on snow accumulation rate (mass source) and melting and iceberg calving (mass sinks). Depending on temperature, warming can result in mass gain (due to increased snow fall) or mass loss (melting, faster ice flow, reduced back pressure from collapsed ice shelves) Equivalent sea level rise is 60 m (Antarctica) and 7 m (Greenland); crucial to know whether, when, and how much of the ice sheets will melt Dynamics depend on basal lubrication (difficult of observe), but satellite gravimetry and altimetry provide the flow field (since ca 2000, with gaps) Figure: UNEP Global Outlook for Ice and Snow (2007)
14 Observed mass balance of Greenland a Model-derived accumulation b Flow speed (satellite) c Elevation change (satellite) d Ice loss (cm water yr 1, gravimetry), e Ice loss (cm water yr 1, gravimetry), f Ice loss (cm water yr 1, gravimetry),
15 Observed mass balance of Antarctica Figures: IPCC AR5
16 Ice shelf collapse (Larsen B, 2002) January March Figure: UNEP Global Outlook for Ice and Snow (2007)
17 4.6 Glaciers I Sea level equivalent is small (< 1 m) I But the are an important water source in tropics and subtropics I Universally in decline, with very few exceptions I Glacier response lags warming, so further decline is committed Figures: Gardner et al. (2008), IPCC (2013)
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