Unconventional Wisdom and the Effects of Dams on Downstream Coarse Sediment Supply. Byron Amerson, Jay Stallman, John Wooster, and Derek Booth

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1 Unconventional Wisdom and the Effects of Dams on Downstream Coarse Sediment Supply 3 February 2009 Byron Amerson, Jay Stallman, John Wooster, and Derek Booth Sultan River, WA

2 OBJECTIVE Consider the landscape context of a dam before drawing conclusions about its downstream effects.

3 CONCEPTS THE FLUVIAL SYSTEM The watershed and river as a mechanism that routes water and sediment. Schumm, 1977

4 CONCEPTS Dams affect downstream flux of sediment and water.

5 Bed Coarsening Channel Degradation Loss of Spawning Gravel South Fork Feather River

6 CONCEPTS What About other outcomes? Need to Consider Sediment Supply Transport Frequency

7 EXCESS Change in Relative Sediment Supply DEFICIT Channel Aggradation Island and Bar Formation Vegetation Encroachment LOW Based on Grant, Schmidt, and Lewis 2003 Subtle Effects Bed Coarsening Channel Degradation Habitat Loss Change in Relative Transport Frequency HIGH

8 EXCESS Change in Relative Sediment Supply DEFICIT Channel Aggradation Island and Bar Formation Vegetation Encroachment LOW Based on Grant, Schmidt, and Lewis 2003 Subtle Effects CONVENTIONAL WISDOM Change in Relative Transport Frequency HIGH

9 EXCESS Change in Relative Sediment Supply DEFICIT LOW Based on Grant, Schmidt, and Lewis 2003 UNCONVENTIONAL WISDOM CONVENTIONAL WISDOM Change in Relative Transport Frequency HIGH

10 CONCEPTS Geology and Geologic History Topography Climate and Hydrology Land Use Dam Position Dam Operation

11 Case Studies Sultan River, WA McKenzie River, OR Deschutes River, OR What are the primary sources of sediment to the river downstream of the dam?

12 SULTAN RIVER Washington WHAT KEY FINDINGS The Jackson hydroelectric project operated by Snohomish PUD Annual sediment mass balance remains similar before and afte damming. Culmback Dam

13 Sultan River, WA Culmback Dam Spada Lake Data for this LiDAR DEM was provided by the Snohomish PUD

14 LITHOTOPO UNITS SEDIMENT INPUTS V SHAPED VALLEY Dominated by debris flows High Sediment Yield

15 LITHOTOPO UNITS SEDIMENT INPUTS V SHAPED VALLEY Dominated by debris flows High Sediment Yield TERRACED VALLEY Dominated earth flows Moderate Sediment Yield ROCK FALLS EARTHFLOWS GULLIES

16 LITHOTOPO UNITS SEDIMENT INPUTS V SHAPED VALLEY Dominated by debris flows High Sediment Yield TERRACED VALLEY Dominated earth flows Moderate Sediment Yield ROCK FALLS EARTHFLOWS ALLUVIAL VALLEY Sediment input from upstream Low Sediment Yield TRIBUTARIES BANK FAILURE GULLIES

17 LITHOTOPO UNITS SEDIMENT INPUTS V SHAPED VALLEY Dominated by debris flows High Sediment Yield TERRACED VALLEY Dominated earth flows Moderate Sediment Yield ROCK FALLS EARTHFLOWS ALLUVIAL VALLEY Sediment input from upstream Low Sediment Yield TRIBUTARIES BANK FAILURE GULLIES

18 Sultan River at present-day Spada Lake, This reach was a depositional pool-riffle channel.

19 Sultan River at present-day Spada Lake, Therefore, the river upstream of Culmback Dam was a sediment sink, and contributed relatively little to the downstream sediment budget.

20 EXCESS Change in Relative Sediment Supply 1965 Pre-dam DEFICIT LOW Based on Grant, Schmidt, and Lewis 2003 Change in Relative Transport Frequency HIGH

21 Sultan River, WA Active channel 350 feet wide Active channel 175 feet wide

22 EXCESS Change in Relative Sediment Supply DEFICIT LOW Based on Grant, Schmidt, and Lewis 2003 Change in Relative Transport Frequency HIGH

23 Sultan River, WA Active channel 350 feet wide Active channel 175 feet wide

24 McKENZIE RIVER Oregon WHAT KEY FINDINGS A Carmen-Smith hydroelectric project operated by Eugene Water and Electric Board Sediment mass balance Downstream of Trailbridge Dam is similar to reference conditions. Trailbridge Dam

25 McKenzie River, OR High Cascades Terrane Young volcanics Low drainage density Hydrologically disconnected Low Sediment Yield Western Cascades Terrane Older volcanics High drainage density Hydrologically connected High Sediment Yield

26 McKenzie River, OR Carmen Diversion Dam Smith Dam Trailbridge Dam

27 McKenzie River, OR Upper McKenzie Basin Smith River Basin Deer Creek Basin Trailbridge Dam

28 McKenzie River, OR Deer Creek Trailbridge Dam

29 DESCHUTES RIVER Oregon WHAT KEY FINDINGS The Pelton-Round Butte hydroelectric project operated jointly by Portland General Electric and the Confederated Warm Springs Tribes Subtle response - bed texture and spawning gravel area are similar to pre-dam conditions. Pelton Reregulating Dam

30 Deschutes River, OR Annual Sediment Production Figure From O Conner et al. 2003

31 Deschutes River, OR Pelton Round Butte Project Annual Sediment Production Figure From O Conner et al. 2003

32 Mean Monthly Discharge (CFS) Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Low Sediment Yield and a Subdued Hydrograph

33 Recap Sultan: Sediment mass balance remains similar and Channel Adjustment. McKenzie: Downstream sediment mass balance is similar to reference conditions. Deschutes: Subtle response, though reduced sediment supply.

34 CONCLUSION Context Matters Because as we have seen, landscape attributes, land use, dam position, and operation all influence downstream physical process outcomes.

35 Acknowledgements THANK YOU Snohomish PUD Eugene Water and Electric Board Portland General Electric and the Confederated Warm Springs Tribes

36 Our modeling tells us that the modern and historical mass balance are the same Modern Sediment Transport Capacity (KT/yr) Historical Sediment Transport Capacity (KT/yr) Average Annual Sediment Input (KT/yr) ~11 Estimated Modern Mass Balance (KT/yr) Estimated Historical Mass Balance (KT/yr) -1 to 10 2 to 10

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