Geology Setting Management Options Management Structure

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1 Geology Setting Management Options Management Structure WFF = Wallops Flight Facility LST = Longshore sediment transport SLR = Sea level rise September 29, 2015

2 Accomack County/Accomack Northampton County PDC Town of Chincoteague The Nature Conservancy NASA Wallops Fish and Wildlife Service National Park Service Commonwealth of Virginia US Army Corps of Engineers Bureau of Ocean Energy Management

3 2010-Eastern Shore Climate Adaptation Working Group (CAWG) TNC/ANPDC Two year Grant- Hurricane Sandy Coastal Resilience Funds to enhance coastal resilience from NFWF, Dept of the Interior MACRI Mid-Atlantic Coastal Resilience Institute MARCO- Mid-Atlantic Council on the Ocean, E. Shore North coast SAMP (Special Area Management Plan) UVA- Long-term Ecological Research Project (LTER) 2015 FWS Chinocteague and Wallops Island NWR Final Comprehensive Conservation Plan, CCP NASA Wallops Environmental Assessments for Shore projects NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC); WFF and Marine Science Consortium (MSC) Research Collaboration.

4 Wallops Assateague Chincoteague Inlet (WACI) Coastal Management Reach Fenster and Bundick 2015

5 Geologic/Physical Setting/shore change: Cape Henlopen to Cape Charles Coastal plain structure a function of oceanic transgression/regression Wisconsin: Latest SLR Assateague Island Shore change Inlet history Wallops Island NASA History of shore management Sandy Impact Chincoteague Inlet Geomorphic development Hydrodynamic Setting: Sea level rise, wave climate

6

7 1. mixed-energy, tide dominated Barrier islands 2. wave-dominated barriers an spits 3. Eroding headlands 4. Cuspate spits Mcbride et al. 2013

8 Basic sediment transport Pathways for barrier islands Along the mid-atlantic coast Modified from Kraft et al 1987, In Rankin 2009.

9 Coastal Plain stratigraphy Coastal plain terraces. Much of Chesapeake Bay was Incised after the Yorktown marine transgression (Ty) Johnson et al 1999

10 Depositional model of surficial Pleistocene deposit In the Delmarva Penisula. Jordan 1962

11 A reconstruction of early Holocene paleogeography of the Delmarva Coastal Plain (Oertel, Allen, & Foyle, 2008)

12 Extent of last glaciation 20,000 years BP. Sea level 400 ft lower Mid-Atlantic coastline 65 miles to east FEMA 2011 Hazard Mitigation Plan Va E.Shore

13 Canada Virginia Earth Crust During the last ice age Glacial rebound in northern US/Canada causing local subsidence As the glaciers melted...

14 Coleman et al 1990

15 Kraft 1971

16 McBride et al 2013

17 Delmarva North: Cape Henlopen To Fishing Point Hapke et al 2010

18 Did lack of inlets by 1880 allow for increased LST to the south and Creation of Fishing Point? From Seminack and McBride, 2015

19 Historic Inlets along Assateague Island Seminack and Mcbridge 2015

20 Spit evolution And creation of CCP May 2014

21 CCP May 2014

22 FWS CCP May 14

23 Proposed Beach fill: 1.5 million $24 million Re-nourish every 3-7 years: 300,000 $8.3 million Appendix J CCP May 2014

24 Proposed area of beach location Looking north: Note fence posts along Top of dune from past dune Stabilization efforts Hardaway

25 Proposed beach re-location: Looking north Hardaway

26 King et al., 2011

27 According to Field, 1980, the linear offshore ridges may be relict Or stranded shoreline features from lower stand of sea level. There is further evidence that the ridges might migrate with time, Southward and often due to storms. Field 1980

28 Extensive offshore shoals: many sand Rich and potential source of beach sand. The black dots indicate fine-medium Sand thicknesses of > 3 m. Field 1980

29 Delmarva South Wallops Island To Cape Charles Hapke et al 2010

30 Note: ebb shoals at each inlet which interrupt LST Fenster and Bundick 2015

31 The following series Shows the growth of Fishing point and the Did closure of most inlet On Assateague Island

32

33

34 King et al., 2011

35 Wallops Island December 1959 Wallops Island Seawall October 1956

36 Mechanically filled section at Wallops Island after the Ash Wednesday Storm Breach Wallops Island Groin Field 1969

37 Evolution of Assawoman Inlet Fenster and Bundick, 2015

38 Did closure of Assawoman Inlet allows for increased LST? Fenster and Bundick, 2015

39 Sediment Budget Analysis Current LST predictions (1986 Morang 2006 (frommn 1986)

40

41 King et al 2011 GENESIS wave model

42 Dominant waves attack From NE quad King et al., 2011

43 Result of GENESIS modeling Note: LST nodal zone After King et 2011

44 Wallops Island 2012 Pre-Beach Fill

45 King et al., 2011

46 Conceptual Initial Fill Placement Conceptual Renourishment Fill Placement King et al., 2011

47 Beach fill = about 4.0 million cy from the larger fill in 2012 (3.2 million cy) and in 2014 (0.7 million cy).

48 Beach loss due to Sandy = About 800,000 cy Losses offshore and landward as well as along shore.

49 NASA, 2013 Typical beach profile at WFF: before and after placement; post- Sandy

50 WFF Looking south at washover And old Assawoman Inlet Hardaway Feb 2013

51 WFF looking south, Post-Sandy Feb 2013

52 WFF looking south, USACE, 2015

53 WFF looking south, USACE 2015

54 WACI Alongshore sediment characteristics According to Moffatt Nickol about 5% Of LST from Ass Is bypasses Chino Inlet Shoal gets to Wallops Is. Figure from: Fenster and Bundick 2015

55 Chincoteague Inlet 1949 Aerial Photo

56 Chincoteague Inlet Navigation Channel Showing infilling From shoal on Fishing Point Side of channel

57 Chincoteague Inlet dredging history. Morang et al., 2006

58 Management Elements WACI: Wallops Island, Assateague Island and Chincoteague Inlet Wallops Island: Shore protection efforts Assateague Island: public Isthmus Chincoteague Inlet dredging, harbor of refuge Toms Cove aquaculture

59 CCRM 2013

60 Curt Smith 2015

61 Curtis Smith 2015

62 Beach nourishment has been Removed from consideration

63 CC[c C C

64 State subaqueous resources

65 2010-Eastern Shore Climate Adaptation Working Group (CAWG) TNC/ANPDC Two year Grant- Hurricane Sandy Coastal Resilience Funds to enhance coastal resilience from NFWF, Dept of the Interior MACRI Mid-Atlantic Coastal Resilience Institute MARCO- Mid-Atlantic Council on the Ocean, E. Shore North coast SAMP (Special Area Management Plan) UVA- Long-term Ecological Research Project (LTER) 2015 FWS Chinocteague and Wallops Island NWR Final Comprehensive Conservation Plan, CCP NASA Wallops Environmental Assessments for Shore projects NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC); WFF and Marine Science Consortium (MSC) Research Collaboration.

66 On Assateague Island: What it the long term plan for the new beach? Will allowing inlets/breaches to remain open along Assateague Is reduce LST and threatened the Will WFF beach fill increase shoaling in Chincoteague Inlet? What is the contribution (s) of LST into Chinoteague Inlet? How was Chincoteague Inlet formed? Can Chincoteague Inlet dredge material be put on shore either at WFF or Assateague Is? How can the fines be utilized? Thin layering across tidal marsh? What are LST impacts of WFF beach fill to Assawoman Is and backbarrier marshes? Is back passing WFF beach a viable option?

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