Technology Sector Security. Sub Sector Detection. Segment - Narcotics. Author Kshitij Aditeya Singh. Organisation Institute of Nanotechnology

Transcription

1 Technlgy Sectr Security Sub Sectr Detectin Segment - Narctics Authr Kshitij Aditeya Singh Organisatin Institute f Nantechnlgy May, 2009

2 Table f Cntents Table f Cntents Title Definitin f Technlgy Segment Shrt Descriptin State f Research and Develpment Additinal demand fr research Applicatins and Perspectives Current Situatin within EU References and Literature

3 1. Title Detectin f Narctics Keywrds: ccaine, herine, fentanyl, drugs, narctics, spectrmetry, SERS, gamma rays, neutrn analysis 2. Definitin f Technlgy Segment The internatinal narctics cntrl bard has prduced a list f narctics drugs under internatinal cntrl that is included in Schedule I, II and IV. The exhaustive list als prvides the chemical frmula and its chemical cntent f chemical substances cnsidered illegal and under internatinal cntrl. It als prvides a list f thse narctic drugs that are exempt under sme prvisins [1]. The segment cvers detectin f chemicals such as herine, ccaine and fentanyl. 3. Shrt Descriptin Fentanyl has been reprted t be 40 times mre ptent than herine and has been used as a narctic. In selective membrane electrdes have been reprted as sensrs fr Fentanyl. Plyvinyl chlride based membranes have been applied with negligible interference frm ther chemicals t detect fentanyl citrate in injectins [2]. A sea prtable drug detectin system can enable detecting threats such as drugs, explsives, nuclear weapns and chemical weapns behind hidden cmpartments f maritime vessels has been mentined in the literature. Detectin f gamma ray signature f chemicals in narctics has been demnstrated fr maritime vessels using thermal neutrn analysis and fast neutrn analysis. This is based n characteristic gamma rays generated by elements such as hydrgen, nitrgen and chlrine capturing thermal neutrns. The man prtable detectin system has been demnstrated fr Herin hydrchlride, Ccaine hydrchlride, Herin, and Ccaine [3]. Cmmercially available in mass spectrmetry has been reprted t have applicatins in detectin f drugs. Ins are prduced thrugh atmspheric pressure inisatin are pulsed thrugh an electric field t a cllectr, during which the time f flight is measured. The advantages ffered by this technique are its prtability, selectivity, high sensitivity (parts per billin) and lw cst. The detectr culd ptentially be used as a stand alne sensr r as an nline system [4]. Surface enhanced Raman scattering ffers very high sensitivity t detectin f drugs and narctics mlecules. Physilgical fluids such as bld, urine and saliva have been used in analysis f narctics [5]. Research in identificatin f ccaine, herin, amphetamines, 1, 4- benzdiazepines and varius metablites f the drugs has been cnducted using SERS with high perfrmance liquid chrmatgraphy [6]. SERS has been cmbined with electrphresis and flw injectin analysis t quantitatively analyse cyanide levels [7,8]. 4. State f Research and Develpment The sectin gives an verview f the technlgy develpment in relatin t a specific technlgy. Fundamental Research is defined fr this purpse as research with n particular gals f cmmercialisatin. Applied Research is defined as research cnducted in academia and industry directed twards a specific purpse and applicatin. Prttype has been defined as Applied - 3 -

4 Research r Fundamental Research that has fund a ptential market applicatin. Technlgies that are in the field trial state are defined as thse that are in the prcess f cmmercialisatin, and are being tested. Deplyed nantechnlgies are thse that have fund an early stage market. Mass Market has been defined as thse technlgies that have been adpted by large ppulatin and are attractive high grwth markets. The technlgies have been mentined are thse mentined in the literature review fr narctics detectin. The scale f readiness mentined ranges frm fundamental research t mass market. A validatin f their status is necessary frm the ecnmic and ther technlgy sectrs perspective. The enabling technlgies fr the detectin f narctics, in relatin t its develpment status have been mentined in table N.1 belw. Table N.1 - Cmparative Research and Develpment Status fr narctics detectin Fundament al Research Applied Research Prttype Field Trials / Pilt plant ( Precmmercialisatin ) Deplyed (Cmmerciali sed) Mass Market Membrane s Thermal neutrn analysis Fast neutrn analysis Spectrme tric methds SERS 5. Additinal demand fr research Additinal demand fr research was mentined in further develpment f SERS based detectin f narctics during the engagement prcess. Research directed twards quantitative aspects f SERS and their imprvement were cnsidered desirable [9]. 6. Applicatins and Perspectives In the expert engagement prcess fr the technlgy segment, the fllwing perspectives were bserved: Funding research and develpment fr detectin f CBRNE and Narctics was cnsidered very imprtant fr sciety and ecnmy f Eurpe

5 The mst imprtant drivers fr research and develpment f detectin f CBRNE and Narctics were cnsidered technlgical and scial impact. The technlgical drivers relate t cst, perfrmance, efficiency and absence f slutins. Other secndary drivers were indicated as cmpetitive advantage in cnflict situatins, safety, prductivity gains and reginal security plicy. The main drivers fr R&D f Narctics detectin were mentined t be cst f sensrs, devices and instrumentatin, size f detectrs, and sensitivity f detectin. Other secndary drivers were mentined as mbility f detectin unit, time f detectin, life time f peratin and accuracy f detectin. The main barriers t research and develpment f detectin f CBRNE and Narctics were mentined as availability f finance t early stage cmpanies and inadequate technlgy transfer frm Universities. Secndary barriers indicated were access t equipments, infrastructure and manufacturing facility and intellectual prperty cnflicts. Other barriers als mentined were lack f skilled persnnel availability, lack f tax incentives and lack f supprtive gvernment plicy. Qualitative respnses indicated t meet the challenges f availability f finance, EU needs t cnsider dual cmmercial use f security technlgy as the market was relatively smaller than US. While trends in US are twards gvernment driven technlgy that is validated, EU grants are inadequate fr prving technlgy. It was suggested that gvernment validatin f systems was necessary as labratry systems nt scaled fr field use. The main barriers t R&D f Narctics detectin were indicated as inadequate research funding, failure in integrating devices and lack f reprducible results. Other secndary barrier was mentined t be pr detectin limit. The mst imprtant functinality fr detectin were indicated as sensitivity f specie being detected, reprducibility f accurate results, retaining functinality in wide perating cnditins, and lng perating life with minimum maintenance. Other secndary desirable functinalities fr detectin were indicated as stability f detectin material, reversibility, multifunctinality, signal transductin, minimal sample preparatin, integratin f detectr int mnitring unit and lw cst. The applicatin trends were mentined as: Develpment f prtable and sensitive detectin devices. There is a present lack f prtable instruments with gd sensing characteristics. Operatinal cnstraints were identified as envirnmental changes such as temperature, humidity and large number f interferants. Mbility f detectin device, and calibratin fr temperature and humidity were mentined as cnstraints. Cmbining SERS detectin and identificatin f narctics with a separatin technique t address issues in reprducibility, retentin f functinality and lng life. In a separatin cupled system, the prblems assciated with SERS are expected t be vercme. Other peratinal cnstraints were mentined t be calibratin f measurement, skills and interpretatin needed frm peratr

6 The sensing methd fr narctics detectin that is presently deplyed is spectrmetric methds and biassays fr narctics detectin. Spectrscpy methds market was cnsidered t a mderate grwth market. Miniaturisatin f spectrscpic methds was cnsidered a develpment needs fr enhanced applicatin. Factrs that wuld determine uptake f the technlgy are size, cst and sample preparatin. Methd fr narctics detectin that is expected t be deplyed in the next 5 years is surface enhanced raman scattering. The SERS detectin market was cnsider a mderate future grwth market. Methd fr narctics detectin that is expected t take ver 10 years t be deplyed was indicated t be based n membranes fr detectin. Nrth America was cnsidered relatively better than Eurpe which was cnsidered better than Asia fr fundamental and applied research, industrial technlgy develpment and cmmercialisatin fr the Detectin sub-sectr. While Asia was cnsidered better fr cst effectiveness fr technlgy, EU was cnsidered better fr gvernmental plicy fr innvatin. 7. Current Situatin within EU The fllwing framewrk 7 prject has been funded by the Eurpean Cmmissin in the Security theme that is relevant t narctics: Lcalisatin f threat substances in urban sciety (LOTUS) prject was initiated in early The LOTUS prject aims t create a system t detect the preparatin f explsives and drugs during preparatin and prductin f a terrrist plt. This will be demnstrated by detectin using sensrs and glbal infrastructure fr psitining and netwrking [10]. 8. References and Literature [1] List f narctic drugs under internatinal cntrl, Cnventin n Narctics Drugs, Internatinal Narctics Cntrl Bard, [2] L. Juan Peng, M. L. Wen, Y. Ya, Cnstructin and perfrmance characteristics f new fentanyl-selective plastic membrane electrde, Analytical Sciences, vl. 17, pp , June [3] D. Strellis, T. Gzani, Classifying threats with a 14-MeV neutrn interrgatin system, Applied Radiatin and Istpes, vl. 63, pp , [4] J. Lung, R. Gras, R. V. Meulebreck, F. Sutherland, and H. Crtes, Gas Chrmatgraphy with State-f-the-Art micrmachined Differential Mbility Detectin: Operatin and Industrial Applicatins, Jurnal f Chrmatgraphic Science, vl. 44, pp , May/June

7 [5] A.G. Ryder, Surface enhanced Raman scattering fr narctic detectin and applicatins t chemical bilgy, Current Opinin in Chemical Bilgy, vl. 9, pp , [6] G. Trachta, B. Schwarze, G. Brehm, S Schneider, M. Hennemann, and T.Clark, Near-infrared Furier transfrm surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectrscpy f 1,4-benzdiazepine drugs emplying gld films ver nanspheres, Jurnal f Raman Spectrscpy, vl. 35, pp , [7] R.J. Dijkstra, A. Gerssen, E.V. Efremv, F. Ariese, U.A.T. Brinkman, and C. Gijer, Substrates fr the at-line cupling f capillary electrphresis and surface-enhanced Raman spectrscpy, Analytica Chimica Acta, vl. 508, pp , [8] L.G. Thygesen, K. Jrgensen, B.L. Mller, S.B. Engelsen, Raman spectrscpic analysis f cyangenic glucsides in plants: develpment f a flw injectin surface-enhanced Raman scatter methd fr determinatin f cyanide, Applied Spectrscpy, vl. 58, pp , [9 ] C. Gijer (GM.Cassee@few.vu.nl ), Observatry Nan - Narctics detectin, [Online]. Persnal cmmunicatin t Kshitij Singh, 8 th May, 2009 [10] Crdis, Lcalisatin f threat substances in urban sciety, Accessed n 16th f April frm &pid=24&q=FD8A9BBC079BD5FCECD584ADBD3CE6A7&type=adv - 7 -