Nanomaterials on energy applications
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1 Nanomaterials on energy applications
2 Advantages of nanomaterials Very large difference in physical and chemical properties when the sizes of materials were down to nanoscale. Advantages: 1. Large surface area ZnO nanowire 2. High reactivity 3. Lower cost Wu, J. J., et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 2007, 91,
3 Nanomaterials on energy applications Fuel Cell Solar cell com/sitebuilder/page2 php?view=preview&image=17&category=3 Water Splitting News Release issued by MIT News Office on July 31, 2008)
4 Plug gintothes the Sun Dye Sensitizer Solar Cell
5 Solar spectrum i
6 How dose photons be converted to electrons? CB E c +χ Thermalization Large hυ E g E c E g E v 3kT 2 VB 1. Absorption 2. Electron( ) and hole(+) pair (transport) 3. Current voltage (Electricity) Very simple device architecture compared to IC!
7 Solar cell generations 1 st generation Si based solar cell 2 nd generation Thin film solar cell 3 rd generation Organic solar cell
8 1 st generation : Si based solar cell Silicon mineral Si ingots and wafers Photo by Enricoros Shanghai Panmeng Technology Material Co., Ltd
9 Advantages and disadvantages of Si solar cell Advantages: High power conversion efficiency (single crystalline Si~ 25% poly crystalline Si~20.4%, amorphous Si~10.1%) Long term stability single crystalline poly crystalline amorphous t Disadvantages: High ihcost in material iland dfbi fabrication i process
10 2 nd generation : Thin film solar cells CIGS CuInGaSe 2, CIS CuInS 2 High absorption coefficient TSMC CIGS Vacuum or non-vacuum process Lower cost compared to Si based PV Flexcell (Swiss), Nanosolar (U.S.A), Daystar (U.S.A), Sulfurcell (Germany), TSMC (Taiwan) Absorption coefficient and material band gap China International Container Leasing Co., Limited
11 Advantages and disadvantages of thin film solar cells Advantages: Disadvantages: High absorption coefficient i Contamination ti from Ink-jet printing fabrication process roll-to-roll fabrication Rare metals (Se, In, Te) Low cost substrate (Cu tape) Flexible CIGS PV Roll to roll process
12 3 rd generation : Organic solar cells 1.Dye-sensizited solar cell (DSSC) 2.Polymer y solar cell Organic materials Solution-process Simpler fabrication process Lowest cost spin-coating
13 Device structure of DSSC Dye Porous TiO 2 film RuL 3 cis-rul R L 2 (NCS) 2 RuL (NCS) 3 Inorg. Chem. 2005, 44,
14 Working principles of DSSC Grätzel cell
15 Products of DSSC Decorations Solar window
16 Disadvantages of DSSC Liquid electrolyte (low temperature and long term stability) High cost, Ru (dye) and Pt (electrode) Solid-state DSSC Porphyrin 12.3 % Nadya Anscombe, Nature Photonics 5, (2011) Yella, A. et. Al., Science 334, 629 (2011)
17 Polymer solar cells Solid active layer Light weight and high flexibility High transparence (active layer~100 nm) Ink-printing Large area and low cost fabrication Roll-to-roll process Flexible polymer solar cell
18 Working principle of polymer solar cell Exiciton diffusion Charge separation Charge transport Charge collection - hν Donor LUMO Donor HOMO Acceptor LUMO + 1.Due to the low dielectric constant of molecular semiconductor Acceptor HOMO 2. Due to the short exciton diffusion length <20 nm
19 Bulk heterojunction structure Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) Electron donor material and electron acceptor material are mixed Polymer-fullerene PCBM P3HT Polymer-inorganic CdSe nanocrystal A. J. Heeger et al. A.P. Alivisatos et al., 2002, SCIENCE, 295, 29
20 3D scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)) Electron tomography of P3HT/TiO 2 hybrids TiO 2 nanorod (NR) 4nm x 20nm TiO 2 nanoparticle (NP) 5nm x 5nm STEM-HAADF electron tomography Phase separated domain More dispersed
21 3D scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)) Electron tomography of P3HT/TiO 2 hybrids TiO 2 nano rod (NR) 4nm x 20nm TiO 2 nano particle (NP) 5nm x 5nm STEM HAADF electron tomography (2 Å resolution) Well dispersed Phase separated domain Journal of American Chemical Society, 133,11614, (2011)
22 Applications of polymer solar cells Portable electronics backpacks www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk Military tent From Konarka Inc.
23 Large area fabrication of graphene (Chemical Vapor Deposition) ~30W /sq at ~90% transmittance Roller printing Scale up Touch panel Bae et al. Nature Nanotechnology 5, (2010) 23
24 Semi-transparent polymer solar cell with graphene electrode (solar window) Transmi ssion(%) Semitransparent Wavelength (nm) ACS Nano,5,6564, (2011)
25 CNT transparent electrode (by solution process) Carbon nano tube SWNT SWNT/GO GO SWCNT Substrate No GO Protrusion into active layer Planarize the surface Thin GO GO can planarize the SWNT surface Without GO Ra = 8.01 nm Φ = 4.92 ev With GO Ra = 4.20 nm Φ = 4.88 ev 25
26 Nanocarbon platform for polymer solar cell Cocktail nanocarbon polymer solar cell! PCBM (0D) Current Den nsity (ma/cm m 2 ) SWNT without GO Layer SWNT with GO Layer Voltage (V) GO (2D) CNT (1D) 26 Energy and Environmental Science, 4,3521, (2011)
27 Quantum dot solar cells Size and band gap tunable Light weight and flexible NIR absorption Large area and low cost Quantum dot
28 QD solar cell with double layer structure (CdTe-CdSe) Low fabrication cost, large number of p-n junctions ~3% Alivisatos, P. et. al., Science, 310, 462.
29 Anti-reflection ect nano-structures in solar cells Air Silicon nitride Air Air Silicon Silicon Single-layer Multi-layer anti-reflective film antireflective films Antireflective Substrate t
30 Fabrication of anti-reflection nanostructures After RIE process Courtesy of Prof. H. L. Chen, Dept. of MSE, NTU
31 Fabrication of anti-reflection nanostructures SEM images of colloidal lithography RIE 60s 500nm 500nm (a) (b) PS sphere size = 350nm RIE: Cl 2 /O 2 /SF 6 = 90/5/5 Etching time: 60s 台大材料陳學禮教授提供
32 Fabrication of anti-eflection nanostructure: Silicon solar cell
33 Hydrogen Fuel cell Assembly fuel cell Advantages: Pt 觸媒 non polluting High conversion efficiency of electric energy renewable However, noble metal is nessesary. (Pt metal) Anode: 2H 2 4H + +4e - Cathode: O 2 +4H + +4e - 2H 2 O Total reaction:2h 2 +O 2 2H 2 O Total reaction potential E total =12V 1.2V Catalysts: Pt nanoparticles Nanoscale, 2010, 2,
34 Hydrogen Fuel cell Car
35 Direct Methanol Fuel cell Different shape of nanocrystal catalysts NanoFlower Sphere Lim, B. et. al., Nano Lett., 2008, 8, PtRu catalyst Pt catalyst Nanowire Anode:CH 3 OH+H 2 O CO 2 +6H + +6e - Cathode:3/2O 2 +6H + +6e - 3H 2 O / 2 2 Total reaction:ch 3 OH+H 2 O+3/2O 2 CO 2 +3H 2 O Total reaction potential E total = 1.19V Zhou, Z. Y., el. al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, Nanorod Wang, C., et. al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 1 4
36 Water splitting H 2 production 4H + + 4e- 2H 2 Light Water splitting H 2 production (Fuel cell) Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009, 38, H 2 O+ 4h + 2O 2 +4H + Nano-photocatalyst
37 Photocatalytic reaction under visible light (Ga 1-x Zn x )(N 1-x O x )-RuO 2 (Ga 1-x Zn x )(N 1-x O x )-RuO 2 Photocatalyst Under UV light Under Visible light Maeda, K. et. al., Nature, 2006, 440,295.
38 Photocatalytic reaction under visible light (black TiOx) black TiO x nanocrystals TiO 2 Black Time / hour Xiaobo Chen, et al., Science 331, 746 (2011)
39 Conclusion Nano materials and technology play a very important role in the development of new energy in future. Nano materials and technology is a relevant interdisciplinary science including materials, physics, chemistry, electric eec cengineering, ee g,boogy biology.
40 Save our planet by Nanos Thank you for your attention!! From WWF
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