Goal for next generation solar cells: Efficiencies greater than Si with low cost (low temperature) processing
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1 Multi-junction cells MBE growth > 40% efficient Expensive Single crystal Si >20% efficient expensive Thin film cells >10% efficient Less expensive Toxic materials Polymers <5% efficient Cheap Goal for next generation solar cells: Efficiencies greater than Si with low cost (low temperature) processing
2 Solar Spectrum and J sc The photovoltaic (PV) industry defines two, and only two, standard terrestrial solar spectral irradiance distributions. The two spectra define a standard direct normal spectral irradiance (AM1) and a standard total spectral irradiance (AM1.5). The standard conditions selected were considered to be a reasonable average for the 48 continguous states of the United States of America (U.S.A.) over a period of one year. The tilt angle selected is approximately the average latitude for the contiguous U.S.A.. The receiving surface is defined in the standards as an inclined plane at 37 tilt toward the equator, facing the sun (i.e., the surface normal points to the sun, at an elevation of above the horizon)
3 Solar Cell Equation
4 Calculating the Maximum Power The energy E m is the energy of one photon, which is converted to electrical energy at the maximum power point.
5 Materials Abundance
6 First Generation: Single crystal silicon (c-si) Second Generation: Lower Cost Amorphous and Polycrystalline Si Cadmium Telluride Copper Indium Gallium DiSelenide (CIGS) Photoelectrochemical Cells Organic Solar Cells Dye Sensitized Cells Luminescent Concentrators Third Generation: Higher Efficiency Quantum Dot Solar Cells Tandem Solar Cells Thermophotovoltaics Solar Cell Technologies
7 CIGS and CdTe: PN Junctions CIGS Solar Cells (Miasole, Nanosolar) CdTe Solar Cells (First Solar) Cu(In,Ga)Se (~2mm) Mo bottom contact ZnO Transparent Conductor (200nm) CdTe (~2mm) CdS Buffer layer (~50nm) High efficiency (12 17% module efficiency) Lower temperature processing (~400 o C) Metal foils for substrates Al contact Lower cost / watt
8 Why use Nanomaterials and Organics for PV? Low Cost combined with High Efficiency Low Synthesis Costs: Nanomaterials can be grown near ambient temperature using colloidal synthesis or near atmospheric deposition processes. Monodisperse NP with high PL efficiency can be very expensive Low Manufacturing Costs: Nanomaterials can be deposited using solution (print) based processing under atmospheric conditions Low Materials Cost: Nanomaterials enable the use of less material than traditional thin-film solar cells. NP solutions or ALD m Nucleation & growth m
9 High Efficiency Nanoparticle PVs h >2E g Bulk Energy lost as heat MEG Double current MEL Double voltage
10 Polymer Donor:Acceptor PV Research at UCSC Donor: p-type Polymer (polythiophene and their derivatives) Acceptor: metal oxide (TiO2), n-type polymer (CN-ether-PPV), fullerene (PCBM) 0-2 J (ma/cm 2 ) -4-6 PEDT only TiOx-sg layer TiOx-np layer CN-e layer CN-e blend PCBM blend QuickTime and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture Voltage (V) Arango, APL 1999, Adv. Matl. 2000, Breeze, PRB 2001, SOLMAT 2004, Chasteen, JAP 2006, SOLMAT 2008 Haerter, APL 2005
11 Polymer-nanoparticle Hybrid Devices at UCSC: CdSe/P3HT
12 Organic Solar Cells: Donor-Acceptor Heterojunctions Status of Hybrid PV in 2008 (compared to year in which research started)
13 CdTe/CdSe nanoparticle pn junctions Ingrid Anderson, Jeremy Olson, Yvonne Rodriquez, Lily Yang T QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. No buffer layer Best P ~3% Au or Al electrode
14 CdTe nanoparticle Schottky junctions Jeremy Olson, Ingrid Anderson, Yvonne Rodriquez, Lily Yang
15 CdTe nanoparticle Schottky junctions Jeremy Olson, Ingrid Anderson, Yvonne Rodriquez, Lily Yang 5% Power efficiency is highest reported in devices made from a single layer of solution deposited nanoparticles
16 1-Transmission Relative Photoluminescence Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSCs) LSCs use an inexpensive material to collect photons, down-shift and concentrate the photons, and then convert it to power using standard PV mm cell Efficiency of 900 nm is ~50% + Optical efficiencies of 40%, enable Power Efficiencies exp ~ 20% mm cell One can utilize highly scalable window-based manufacturing for inexpensive solar cell production wavelength (nm) 0 Goal: to develop a stable inexpensive material that can absorb a majority of the solar spectrum and readmit the photons to wavelengths where PVs have peak efficiency, while minimizing self absorption.
17 LSCs based on QDs and Polymers Veronica Sholin, Jeremy Olson (Funding: PIER-EISG) Red F
18 LSCs: Role of Self-Absorption
19 LSCs: Overall Efficiency Experiment LSC = opt * Si opt = PL * abs * WG Simulations New IR-absorbing polymers, combined with greater PL QY, offer opportunities for higher opt
20 Improving LSC Efficiency through control over nanostructure Mike Griffo, Sue Carter, Physics (Funding: ACS PRF) opt = PL * abs * WG The PL can be substantially enhanced via coupling to plasmons on metallic NP surfaces
21 Normalized Absorption & Photoluminescence Improving LSC Efficiency through over Polymer opt = PL * abs * WG The WG can be substantially increased using polarized emission The abs can be substantially increased using a better polymer system Realamine Abs PL Polyfluorenes and liquid crystalline polymers emit preferentially perpendicular to backbone wavelength (nm) opt = 29%
22 or the sun
23 Theoretical Power Efficiencies > 65%
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